火焰原子吸收光谱法测定冬枣中的微量元素

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了冬枣中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜和锌的含量。结果表明,该法的加标回收率为96.7%～102.8%,RSD≤3.06%。该法操作简单,结果准确,为冬枣资源的进一步开发利用和栽培技术的改进提供了参考依据。     

Nondestructive discrimination of internal defects in jujube (Huizao) of Xinjiang based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

During harvest and transport, defects are most likely to affect the interior of jujubes and thus shorten their storage period. This study applied visible and near-infrared transmission spectroscopy to detect such internal defects. Spectra were acquired on the equator area at 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees of each sample, and a model was constructed to obtain three-dimensional damage and defect detection model. The first derivative, multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and median filtering were used for preprocessing. Modeling by mean spectra achieved a better effect than using unidirectional spectra. Then, naive Bayes classifier and support vector machine were employed for the model establishment at 600–950?nm and 680–950?nm bands, respectively, using mean spectra. Median filtering effectively improved the signal to noise ratio and the discrimination accuracy of the support vector machine model at 600–950?nm reached 96.77%, which was the best value among all models. This result indicates that the support vector machine model was the optimum model and 600–950?nm was a suitable data range for the detection of internal defects. This research confirms the feasibility of implementing visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of internal defects in jujubes.     

近红外光谱法田间快速估测新鲜紫花苜蓿品质

田间快速估测苜蓿品质对于适时刈割具有重要意义。试验共采集来自不同地域、不同品种、不同生育期和不同茬次的新鲜紫花苜蓿样170份,经便携式近红外光谱仪(1 100～1 800 nm)扫描得到近红外光谱,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)在国内首次建立基于紫花苜蓿新鲜样品的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)化学分析值的近红外校正模型,探讨利用近红外漫反射光谱技术(NIRS)在田间快速估测紫花苜蓿品质的可行性,摸索设备选择和制样方法。四项指标所建模型的交互验证决定系数(R2CV)分别为0.831 4,0.597 9,0.803 6和0.786 1;交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.241 1,0.261 4,0.990 3和0.830 6;外部验证决定系数(R2_V)为0.815 0,0.401 1,0.784 9和0.752 1,外部预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为1.06, 0.31, 0.95和0.80。对于苜蓿鲜样来说,DM,NDF和ADF的近红外模型可以进行粗略的定量分析,CP的建模效果较差,但因苜蓿中的粗蛋白含量一般都能满足家畜需求,DM,NDF和ADF是在适时刈割中最关键的估测指标,DM,NDF和ADF模型可以满足田间快速估测苜蓿品质的要求。     

新雪的热红外偏振特性研究

积雪直接影响地表能量平衡和气候变化,与人类生产、生活息息相关,运用热红外偏振技术对新雪的发射光谱特性进行研究,可为热红外遥感监测雪的热辐射偏振特性定量研究提供基础,对加深对全球变暖理解及制定相应对策等具有重要意义。研究结果表明：波段对新雪热红外偏振特性影响很大,其偏振辐亮度(L)表现为：L_CH1>L_CH3>L_CH4>L_CH2,偏振亮温(T)表现为：T_CH4>T_CH1>T_CH2>T_CH3,在探测角50°偏振角90°处出现最大值而在探测角30°偏振角75°处存在最小值,利用CH₃偏振亮温数据分析新雪热辐射偏振特性效果更优。探测角对新雪的偏振亮温影响极其显著,表现为：T₁₀203005040,偏振度(P)表现为：P₀>P₃₀>P₄₀>P₂₀>P₁₀>P₅₀。偏振角对新雪亮温影响呈线性关系,在0~135°范围,每单位偏振角偏振亮温增加约0.003 ℃,这为新雪偏振亮温预测提供可能,在研究探测角对新雪偏振亮温影响时可忽略波段造成的差异。相对方位角对新雪的热辐射偏振特性影响不显著,这主要是由物质表面粗糙程度与组织结构差异导致,利用热红外偏振度对新雪的理化特性监测具有重要作用。     

高光谱成像技术对鲜枣内外部品质检测的研究

外部缺陷以及内部可溶性固形物的含量对提升鲜枣的采后附加值和鲜枣后续生产加工具有重要的意义,因此,为了实现同时对鲜枣内外部品质进行快速、准确识别,利用高光谱成像技术(450-1,000 nm)对壶瓶枣的“自然损伤”和可溶性固形物含量同时进行检测研究。首先,对光谱数据进行主成分分析(PCA)得到前7个主成分光谱值,对图像数据采用灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)提取到7项图像纹理指标(对比度、相关性、能量、同质性、方差、均值、熵)。然后,分别使用光谱主成分值、图像纹理特征值、以及主成分与纹理特征融合值建立偏最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型对壶瓶枣的外部缺陷(“自然损伤”)和内部品质(可溶性固形物含量)进行检测研究。结果表明：使用主成分与纹理特征融合值建立的LS-SVM模型可作为通用模型同时对壶瓶枣内外部品质进行检测研究,其“自然损伤”判别正确率为92.5%,可溶性固形物预测集的预测相关系数(R_p)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别达到了0.944和0.495。表明,采用高光谱成像技术可以建立通用模型同时对壶瓶枣的内外部品质进行检测,该研究为壶瓶枣的无损检测提供了理论参考。     

甲状腺癌的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,测定了17例甲状腺癌和23例良性甲状腺疾病术中新鲜离体组织的红外光谱。通过用统计学方法对比分析,发现甲状腺良恶性组织的傅里叶红外光谱之间存在明显差异,其中恶性肿瘤光谱有以下特征：(1)甲状腺癌组织的酰胺Ⅰ带明显红移(P<0.01),酰胺Ⅱ带却出现蓝移(P<0.05),癌组织光谱中I_{1 640}/I_{1 460}和I_{1 640}/I_{1 550}较良性组织明显升高(P<0.01),说明恶性肿瘤不仅蛋白质结构上发生了变化,蛋白质的量化上也有明显变化;(2)与脂类相关的2 955, 2 920, 2 870, 2 850和1 740 cm-1谱带出现概率明显变低,表明癌组织的脂类相对含量降低;(3)与核酸相关的1 241 cm-1谱带明显蓝移至(1 238.29±2.87)cm-1 ,I_{1 080}/I_{1 460}较良性肿物组织有升高(P<0.05),表明癌组织中磷酸二酯基团中PO₂增加,因为在癌细胞分裂增生加快,细胞核内DNA含量增加。研究结果表明,红外光谱有望成为术中快速诊断甲状腺恶性肿瘤的主要方法。     

酸枣仁中总黄酮的含量测定研究

该试验以亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝与氢氧化钠作为显色剂,用紫外分光光度法测定酸枣仁中黄酮类化合物的含量,该法测得芦丁对照品溶液浓度在0．8～6．4mg／L范围内线性关系良好,其线性方程为Y=0．0953X＋0．2081（r^2=0．9995）．平均回收率为98．59％,RSD=1．04％（n=6）．结果说明该方法准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,为酸枣仁的定量分析提供一个可选择的新方法．     

基于光谱技术和支持向量机的生鲜猪肉水分含量快速无损检测

为实现生鲜肉水分含量的快速无损检测,在波长350～1 700 nm范围内采集生鲜猪肉98个样本的可见近红外反射光谱。经中值平滑滤波、多元散射校正和一阶微分复合预处理方法对原始光谱进行降噪处理。将样本数据随机分为训练集和测试集,以训练集交叉验证网格搜索法确定最佳惩罚参数,利用径向基核函数的支持向量机算法建立了支持向量机预测模型,并与偏最小二乘回归建模法进行比较。用径向基核函数的支持向量机算法所建模型对生鲜肉水分含量进行预测的结果为：训练集的预测相关系数R_c为0.96、标准差SEC为0.32,测试集的预测相关系数R_v为0.87、标准差SEV为0.67。实验结果证实用支持向量机所建模型适合于生鲜猪肉水分含量的无损快速检测。     

化学镀铜过程混合电位本质的研究

现场测量了铜基和陶瓷基化学镀铜过程混合电位－时间曲线(Emix－t)，成功地检测到了化学镀诱发过程.考察了添加剂和络合剂的浓度以及pH值对Emix－t曲线的影响，结合阴、阳极极化曲线及双电层理论对各种影响因素进行了讨论.新生铜活化的铜基化学镀铜的诱发过程是一个缓慢激活过程,所对应的Emix－t曲线是一个稍微倾斜的台阶，这不同于钯活化的基体的诱发过程.通过对不同活化工艺的Emix－t曲线的比较，发现较高的活化温度能明显减少活化时间，而且还可加速诱发过程，从而提高化学沉积铜的速度.     

Residue analysis and risk assessment of tebuconazole in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill)

In this study, a sensitive and reliable analytical method, based on a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe procedure, was established for determination of tebuconazole in jujube. After extraction with acetonitrile, the samples were cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with primary secondary amine, and determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. At fortification levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹, the average recoveries of tebuconazole in jujube were in the range 97.6–101.9%, with relative standard deviations of 1.5–3.5%. The dissipation and residual levels of tebuconazole in jujube under field conditions were investigated. Tebuconazole dissipated relatively slowly in jujube, with a half‐life of 33.0 days. The terminal residue experiments of tebuconazole in jujube were conducted in four locations in China and the risk was evaluated using risk quotients (RQ ). RQ values were found to be significantly lower than RQ = 1, indicating that the risk to human health of using the recommended doses of tebuconazole in jujube was not significant. This study could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of tebuconazole in jujube and serve as a reference for the establishment of limit of maximum residue in China.