Pozzolanic reactivity of silico-aluminous fly ash

For some years it has been possible to control the particle size of fly ashes, by-products of thermal power stations. Incorporating these very fine particles （obtained by grinding and/or pneumatic selection） improves the physical-mechanical characteristics of mortars and concretes. In this study, we measured the lime consumption of the various fractions （granulometric and densimetric） and identified by X-ray diffraction the neoformed phases by the pozzolanic reaction, to show that it is not sufficient to simply define the pozzolanicity of products based on lime consumption since it does not take into account the nature of the phases formed. The size of the particles used in the test samples also has a determining effect on the quantity of lime consumed. Before comparing results, it is necessary to ensure that the size of the particles （of the global ash and its constituents） be the same. Two distinct neoformed ohases appear： CSH in the largest granular fractions （d〉 40 μm） and C3AH6 in the smaller fractions.     

Leaching Studies of Inorganic and Organic Compounds from Fly Ash

Fly ash is produced in massive quantities by fossil fuel based power plants and waste incinerators, and contains high levels of potentially toxic chemicals. Various leaching tests exist to determine the available fractions, but the outcome is strongly dependent on the experimental conditions, and these have not yet been harmonised at the international level. In order to test existing protocols for heavy metals, several intercomparisons were organised within the framework of an EU-INCO project "ANALEACH", in which seven institutes from five countries participated. Two existing reference materials were made available for the project and test batches of two new fly ash reference materials were produced. Availability tests, leaching tests and pH-stat tests were studied and critical steps in the procedures were identified. Fly ashes can also contain large amounts of inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds, and the determination and leaching behaviour of these compounds were also studied. In one intercomparison for metals, inorganic S and N-compounds were also included. A five-step leaching test was optimised for fly ash in order to link metal fractions to different types of binding. Column leaching experiments were carried out to investigate leaching from fly ash into soil, mimicking the effects of (acid) rain on fly ash deposited on topsoil after atmospheric transport. The major fraction of the leached metal ions was retained by the soil. Also large numbers of organic compounds (including many toxic ones) were identified in fly ash extracts, especially in city waste incinerator ash. Leaching procedures based on ultrasonic extraction were developed for organic compounds and an intercomparison exercise was organised. In a field study at the river Nitra(Slovakia) numerous organic pollutants were found at elevated levels downstream from a major fly ash dump site.     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in ash using dimethylsulfoxide microwave assisted extraction followed by solid-phase microextraction

A procedure for the determination of several coplanar and non coplanar PCBs in ash samples is described. Analytes were extracted from the samples using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) under the action of a microwave field, and then they were concentrated on a PDMS-DVB solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre using the headspace mode, after water dilution of the DMSO extract. Determinations were carried out using GC-ECD and GC-MS detection. Influences of microwave extraction (solvent volume, temperature and time) and SPME conditions (stirring, kind of SPME fibre, salt and water addition, sampling time and temperature) on the performance of the whole analytical procedure were systematically investigated. Working under optimal conditions quantification limits from 0.2 to 1.5 ng g⁻¹ were obtained for all the compounds, except for PCB 209, which could not be consistently extracted from the sample using the proposed conditions.     

萃取催化光度法测定粉煤中的微量铜

在NH3·H2O NH4Cl缓冲溶液(pH9.2)中,微量铜(Ⅱ)对过氧化氢氧化等色染料离子对(TBF(BRB)2)褪色反应具有催化作用,催化程度与Cu(Ⅱ)浓度在0 25μg/L～3 50μg/L范围内呈线性关系,用萃取平衡控制反应时间和水中有机染料浓度,建立了一种测定Cu(Ⅱ)的萃取催化光度法的新方法。方法的检出限为0 11μg/L,该法已应用于粉灰中微量铜的测定。     

烟草灰分、总挥发酸和总挥发碱的近红外光谱分析

应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)结合近红外光谱(NIR)对烟草灰分(ash)、总挥发酸(TVA)和总挥发碱(TVB)建立校正模型。烟草灰分、总挥发酸和总挥发碱模型相关系数分别为0.97312、0.96220和0.98050;均方预测残差(RMSECV)分别为0.41227、0.00688和0.09790;预测范围分别为1.74~31.31、0.0570~0.2336和0.042~1.136;通过对模型进行t-检验,在显著性水平大于0.05的条件下,其预测结果与行业标准方法的测定结果对比,结果令人满意。     

光度法研究壳聚糖交联粉煤灰对Mn2＋的吸附性能

常温下,以壳聚糖和酸性粉煤灰为原料,制备壳聚糖交联酸性粉煤灰吸附剂;用光度法分析其对Mn2＋的吸附性能.结果表明：交联时,当壳聚糖与酸性粉煤灰的质量比为1∶11,交联剂用量为2mL/g;吸附时,废水pH为6,吸附时间为90min,吸附剂用量为10g/L时,Mn2＋去除率为97.6％.     

中性红褪色光度法测定蒙药铜灰体系中产生的过氧化氢含量

在 p H=3.5的乙酸 -乙酸钠缓冲溶液中 ,用中性红褪色光度法测定了蒙药铜灰体系中产生的过氧化氢的含量。过氧化氢在 0— 5 0μg/ 2 5 m L范围内与 lg(A0 / A)值呈线性关系 ,线性回归方程为 lg(A0 / A) =2 .5× 10 -3+1.0 5× 10 -2 C双氧水 (μg/ 2 5 m L) ,r=0 .9999     

Metal fractionation of atmospheric aerosols via sequential chemical extraction: a review

This review surveys schemes used to sequentially chemically fractionate metals and metalloids present in airborne particulate matter. It focuses mainly on sequential chemical fractionation schemes published over the last 15 years. These schemes have been classified into five main categories: (1) based on Tessiers procedure, (2) based on Chesters procedure, (3) based on Zatkas procedure, (4) based on BCR procedure, and (5) other procedures. The operational characteristics as well as the state of the art in metal fractionation of airborne particulate matter, fly ashes and workroom aerosols, in terms of applications, optimizations and innovations, are also described. Many references to other works in this area are provided.