Gas-liquid chromatography of amino acids: Columns and methodology as a basis for routine amino acid analysis using glass capillary gas chromatography

A carefully Standardized technique is described for the preparation of glass capillary columns which can be used successfully for routine quantitative amino acid analysis. Comparison is made between two different modes of sample injection. Preliminary quantitative results from “split” injection and “on-column” injection techniques are evaluated statistically and it is concluded that the “on-column” system is a prerequisite for quantitative amino acid analysis by glass capillary gas chromatography. An analysis of fish muscle protein hydrolyzate illustrates an application of this technique and results are compared with those from a packed column analysis.     

Aalysis of the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes in human blood serum under normal diet and when supplemented with fish oil

Total lipids have been extracted from human serum with chloroform–methanol 2:1 (v/v) and separated into individual classes by TLC. After transesterification the fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography on an FFAP column. The quantitation of ω-3 fatty acids has been performed using internal and external standards. Internal lipid standards for each lipid class were carried throughout the entire analytical procedure. Under normal diet eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are incorporated into the lipid classes to different extents: cholesterol esters; EPA, 6.5 ± 1.9 γ/ml serum; DHA, 4.3 ± 1.9 μg/ml: phospholipids; EPA, 5.9 ± 2.7 μg/ml; DHA, 31.8 ± 8.1 μg/ml. Fish oil supplementation leads to a 4 to 6-fold rise in EPA and to an approximately 2-fold rise in DHA.     

鱼肉组织中多溴联苯醚的定量分析

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛用于家用电器、电子产品、塑料泡沫、家居装饰材料等行业的添加型阻燃剂[1],使用量最多的是五溴联苯醚(penta-BDE),八溴联苯醚(octa-BDE)和十溴联苯醚(deca-BDE)3种[2]。最近的研究表明[4-6],多溴联苯醚已广泛地存在于各种环境介质、生物体及人体中     

鱼明胶作为卤化银纳米粒子载体的研究

采用的鱼明胶样品是从深海鱼的鱼皮提取而得,在成份和物理性质方面鱼明胶与通常使用的动物明胶有显著的差别.研究表明,鱼明胶的蛋白成分中α组分占绝对优势,且其中分子量较小的α2组分又比分子量较大的α1组分含量高得多.在鱼明胶中几乎没有分子量最大的γ组分.其氨基酸残基中,脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸的含量比动物胶低,而蛋氨酸含量却明显高于后者.鱼明胶还具有较低的胶凝温度.这些特点可能使之适宜作为分散介质来制备AgBrI纳米粒子乳剂.此外,鱼明胶中含有较多含硫物质,而且杂质铁主要以三价形式存在.并且进一步利用鱼明胶作为保护载体,在广泛的胶银比(即明胶量与银量之比值)范围(从8∶ 1到4∶ 1)获得了平均粒径为14 nm的 AgBrI纳米粒子乳剂.该乳剂具有良好的单分散性和热稳定性.对纳米粒子乳剂进行硫-金协同敏化可以提高其感光度.若适当增加敏化剂用量和适当延长敏化时间这种协同敏化作用的效果更好.     

Development of a volatile amine sensor for the monitoring of fish spoilage

A sensor with potential for the development of a “chemical barcode” for real-time monitoring of fish freshness is described. This on-package sensor contains a pH sensitive dye, bromocresol green, that responds through visible colour change to basic volatile spoilage compounds, such as trimethylamine (TMA), ammonia (NH₃) and dimethylamine (DMA) collectively known as Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N). The sensor characteristics were studied as well as its response with standard ammonia gas. Trials on cod and under-utilised species have verified that the sensor response correlates with bacterial growth patterns in fish samples thus enabling the “real-time” monitoring of spoilage in various fish species. The sensor response can be interrogated with a simple, inexpensive reflectance colorimeter that we have developed based on two light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a photodetector.     

浙江长兴富硒农产品开发情况调查

对浙北长兴水口富硒土壤开发情况调研表明,该地土壤理化性质优越,硒含量高,生态环境优良。通过精心耕种,合理施肥,科学管理,所产农产品一般硒含量高、品质好、重金属低、社会经济效益好,为全省天然富硒农产品的规模生产提供了良好示范。     

化学发光酶免疫分析测定鱼肉中呋喃它酮代谢物方法研究

建立了呋喃它酮代谢物5-吗啉甲基-3-氨基-2-6唑烷基酮(AMOZ)间接竞争化学发光酶免疫分析(icCLEIA)检测方法,通过单因素实验优化了包被原浓度、抗体稀释倍数、反应缓冲体系及浓度、竞争反应时间等参数,结果表明icCLEIA最佳反应条件为:包被抗原浓度为10 ng/mL,抗体稀释60000倍,最佳竞争时间为50 min,体系缓冲液0.01 mol/L PBS(pH 7.4).在优化的条件下,本方法的线性检测范围为0.026 ～3.52 μg/L,IC50为0.29 μg/L,检出限(LOD,IC10)为0.012 μg/L.对鱼肉样品的平均添加回收率在101.4％～115.5％之间.建立的icCLEIA方法可用于实际样品中AMOZ残留检测.     

Ichthyosan in fish eye

Ichthyosan A and V are two highly elastoviscous glycan complexes present in the aqueus and vitreus [here aqueus and vitreus are used as nouns as was suggested by Balazs and Denlinger in The eye, vol 1A. Vegetative physiology and biochemistry, 3rd edn. Academic Press, New York, pp 533–589, 1984] of the fish eye. Ichthyosan A, with its high elastic properties, surrounds and stabilizes the lens of the eye. Ichthyosan V, within the collagen fibers, serves as a structure stabilizer of the gel vitreus. These two molecular complexes are non-covalent aggregates composed of hyaluronan, a chondroitin-proteoglycan (sulfate free), and a keratan-like molecule. The ratio of hyaluronan to chondroitin–proteoglycan varies in the two ichthyosans. Electrophoretic separation methods (both free and gel electrophoresis) demonstrate that the hyaluronan–proteoglycan aggregates move as one molecular entity. The average molecular weight of the ichthyosan varies from 5.2 to 13.0 million in various species. Aquatic mammals do not have ichthyosan in their eyes.     

EFFECT OF FISH MOVEMENT AND FLEET SPATIAL BEHAVIOR ON MANAGEMENT OF FISH SUBSTOCKS

I investigated the questions (i) how much movement of fish between areas within a stock is required before the areas can be managed jointly instead of separately and (ii) how is the trade-off between separate and joint management affected by the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet? I addressed these questions using a simulation model of a fishery on a stock that is divided into two areas (substocks) between which fish can move. Under joint management, fleet spatial behavior is characterized by its “switching level,” or the biomass level in the currently fished area at or below which the fleet will switch to the other area. Catch levels were calculated under both separate and joint management for a range of movement rates and switching levels. I also studied the effect of differences in natural mortality rates between the two areas. When the natural mortality rates were the same for the two areas, (i) separate management resulted in higher catch than joint management, (ii) joint management only approached the catch of separate management when movement rate of fish between the two areas was very high, (iii) the difference between separate and joint management was greatest when (a) the switching level of the joint fleet was low (i.e., inertia was high) and (b) the joint fleet had a preference for one area. When natural mortality rate was different in the two areas, and (i) the joint fleet did not prefer one area, (a) separate management produced higher catches at low fish movement rates while joint management produced higher catches at high movement rates and (b) switching level had no effect on catch, and (ii) when the fleet had a preference for the area with the higher natural mortality rate, separate management resulted in higher catches than joint management, and the difference increased with increasing fish movement rate. These simulations suggest that the relative merits of separate and joint management of two areas depends on the assumptions one makes about the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet. This behavior is as important as movement of fish between the areas, which is normally assumed to be the overriding determinant of the relative merits of separate and joint management.