Antioxidant Activity of Deferasirox and Its Metal Complexes in Model Systems of Oxidative Damage: Comparison with Deferiprone

Deferasirox is an orally active, lipophilic iron chelating drug used on thousands of patients worldwide for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The essential transition metals iron and copper are the primary catalysts of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. The redox effects of deferasirox and its metal complexes with iron, copper and other metals are of pharmacological, toxicological, biological and physiological importance. Several molecular model systems of oxidative damage caused by iron and copper catalysis including the oxidation of ascorbic acid, the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles and the oxidation of dihydropyridine have been investigated in the presence of deferasirox using UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Deferasirox has shown antioxidant activity in all three model systems, causing substantial reduction in the rate of oxidation and oxidative damage. Deferasirox showed the greatest antioxidant activity in the oxidation of ascorbic acid with the participation of iron ions and reduced the reaction rate by about a 100 times. Overall, deferasirox appears to have lower affinity for copper in comparison to iron. Comparative studies of the antioxidant activity of deferasirox and the hydrophilic oral iron chelating drug deferiprone in the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles showed lower efficiency of deferasirox in comparison to deferiprone.     

芬顿试剂对田菁胶的氧化降解

考察了芬顿试剂对田菁胶的氧化降解行为. 系统研究了H_2O_2和Fe~(2+)用量、温度和降解时间对田菁胶粘度的影响. 结果表明,H_2O_2和Fe~(2+)合适的体积比为2:1. 在较低的温度(25 ℃)和较短的时间(20 min)内芬顿试剂就能使田菁胶粘度下降90%以上. 另外,pH值的变化对其降解性能影响不大,显示了较好的降解效果.     

Analysis of hydrogen peroxide and an organic hydroperoxide via the electrocatalytic Fenton reaction

A new concept for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide, and organic hydroperoxides is presented. One advantage of the significance of this technique is that it does not require chemical modification of the electrode or addition of enzymes. Direct electro-reduction of the peroxides was not observed on the carbon disk electrode as it is a kinetically slow process. Redox cycling of the iron complex is apparent as Fe^IIEDTA rapidly reduces the O-O bond of the peroxides (Fenton Reaction) upon its production by the kinetically facile electro-reduction of Fe^IIIEDTA. This provides an enhanced and steady-state reductive current as observed by cyclic voltammetry. These features are indicative of the electrocatalytic (EC′) mechanism. A calibration curve was constructed based on the chronoamperometric response at 32 s and a detection limit for H₂O₂ and t-butyl hydroperoxide was calculated to be 0.4 μM and 20 µM, respectively. This difference is attributable to the rate in which the iron(II) complex reduces the O-O bond, H₂O₂ (2.3 × 10⁵ M^− 1 s^− 1) being faster than for the organic peroxide (5.1 × 10⁴ M^− 1 s^− 1). The Fe^IIEDTA complex was observed to be unreactive toward dialkyl peroxides. This method may find use in the detection of peroxide-based explosives or in enzymatic assays as it is rapid, simple, inexpensive and should prove to be robust.     

Identification of linoleic acid free radicals and other breakdown products using spin trapping with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Linoleic acid radical products formed by radical reaction (Fenton conditions) were trapped using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidine-N-oxide (DMPO) and analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The linoleic acid radical species detected as DMPO spin adducts comprised oxidized linoleic acid and short-chain radical species that resulted from the breakdown of carbon and oxygen centred radicals. Based on the m/z values, the short-chain products were identified as alkyl and carboxylic acid DMPO radical adducts that exhibited different elution times. The ions identified as DMPO radical adducts were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS spectra of linoleic acid DMPO radical adducts exhibited the fragment ion at m/z 114 and/or the loss of neutral molecule of 113 Da (DMPO) or 131 Da (DMPO + H2O), indicated to be DMPO adducts. The short-chain products identified allowed inference of the radical oxidation along the linoleic acid chain by abstraction of hydrogen atoms in carbon atoms ranging from C-8 to C-14. Other ions containing the fragment ion at m/z 114 in the LC-MS/MS spectra were attributed to DMPO adducts of unsaturated aldehydes, hydroxy-aldehydes and oxocarboxylic acids. The identification of aldehydic products formed by radical oxidation of linoleic acid peroxidation products, as short-chain product DMPO adducts, is a means of identifying lipid peroxidation products.     

非均相Fenton催化剂的组成结构设计与性能优化

非均相Fenton催化技术解决了均相Fenton反应存在的问题,具有pH适用范围广以及催化剂易于回收利用等优点,因而成为水处理领域的研究热点。本文首先介绍了非均相Fenton反应用于降解有机污染物的发展、反应机理以及机理的研究方法。总结了非均相Fenton催化剂的种类,主要包括铁氧化物、其它金属氧化物、金属有机框架材料。重点讨论了提高非均相Fenton催化剂活性及稳定性的方法,包括通过调控催化剂的形貌、尺寸、孔结构使催化剂具有更高的比表面积,将活性组分负载在具有高比表面积的载体上,通过与其它金属复合以及引入光、超声、微波等外场。最后,对非均相Fenton催化技术的发展进行了展望。     

Enhanced sonochemical degradation of azure B dye by the electroFenton process

The degradation of azure B dye (C₁₅H₁₆ClN₃S; AB) has been studied by Fenton, sonolysis and sono-electroFenton processes employing ultrasound at 23 kHz and the electrogeneration of H₂O₂ at the reticulated vitreous carbon electrode. It was found that the dye degradation followed apparent first-order kinetics in all the degradation processes tested. The rate constant was affected by both the pH of the solution and initial concentration of Fe²⁺, with the highest degradation obtained at pH between 2.6 and 3. The first-order rate constant decreased in the following order: sono-electroFenton > Fenton > sonolysis. The rate constant for AB degradation by sono-electroFenton is ∼10-fold that of sonolysis and ∼2-fold the one obtained by Fenton under silent conditions. The chemical oxygen demand was abated ∼68% and ∼85% by Fenton and sono-electroFenton respectively, achieving AB concentration removal over 90% with both processes.     

Controlling the Fenton Reaction for Soil Remediation

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the use elemental iron to control the Fenton reaction, a process in which ferrous ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide. It is widely believed that the Fenton reaction produces free radicals that can degrade organic chemicals. By using elemental iron in place of ferrous iron, we found that the vigor of the Fenton reaction can be controlled, and therefore can be used more effectively to remediate contaminated soil.

Laboratory studies were done to compare the elemental iron approach with the original ferrous salt approach. It was found that elemental iron can increase the effectiveness of the Fenton reaction in degrading organic chemical such as Pentachlorophenol (PCP). The mechanism of control lies in the production of ferrous irons from elemental iron in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.     

Transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by H2O2/UV-C, Fenton and photo-Fenton processes: Oxidation products and toxicity evolution

In the present study, H₂O₂/UV-C, Fenton and photo-Fenton treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol was compared in terms of oxidation products and acute toxicity. The oxidation products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography, whereas changes in acute toxicity were evaluated by the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition assay. H₂O₂/UV-C and photo-Fenton processes ensured complete 2,4-dichlorophenolremoval, detoxification and significant mineralization. Hydroquinone and formic acid were identified as the common oxidation products of the studied advanced oxidation processes investigated. 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone were identified as the additional H₂O₂/UV-C oxidation products of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Acute toxicity decreased with decreasing 2,4-dichlorophenol and increasing chloride release.