Functionalization by Cold Plasmas of Polymer Model Surfaces (Hexatriacontane and Octadecyloctadecanoate) Studied by Contact Angle Measurements,XPS, and FTIR Spectroscopy

Abstract

Surface functionalization by argon or oxygen RF plasmas (13.56 MHz) of polymer model compounds, namely hexatriacontane (C₃₆H₇₄) and octadecyloctadecanoate [OOD, CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COO(CH₂)₁₇CH₃, was studied using contact angle measurements, XPS, and FTIR-ATR. In order to gain a better insight into the plasma-surface interaction mechanisms, the effects of the main plasma parameters (treatment time, power, pressure, and flow rate) on functionalization were investigated. It was shown that an argon plasma is more efficient than an oxygen plasma and that the ester-containing model compound incorporated less oxygen than the paraffinic one. After 10 seconds of treatment, contact angle measurements showed that none of these plasma parameters affect in any way the properties of the uppermost surface layer; these depend only on the nature of the sample and on the gas used in the plasma. On the other hand, ESCA, which allows a 70-Å in-depth probing, reveals the influence of the plasma parameters on both types of samples. IR, which probes to a much greater depth, evidences an evolution only for treated OOD samples. Interpretations are proposed for the effect of the plasma parameters on functionalization.     

Studies on Ultrasonic Degradation and Block Copolymerization of Hydroxyethylcellulose and Poly(ethylene Oxide)

The ultrasonic degradation of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) in aqueous solution, and the copolymerization of HEC with PEO were studied. The structure of the copolymer was identified by DTA, IR, MS, x-ray diffraction, and polarizing microscopy. The copolymer prepared is mainly block. The copolymer formed amounts to 55.07% by irradiating 0.5% HEC/PEO aqueous solution for a period of 10 min at 25°C and 18.2 kHz with 2.5 A input current on a reversed main circuit.     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Latex- modified Mortar Composite vis-à-vis Preferential Interactions

The interaction between styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) film and the ions from C₂S and C₃S hydration of Portland cement mortar composites has been evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the morphology of the composites characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specimen used was cured for 28 days. FTIR spectrum supports the interaction of SBR with cement in the composite. Compressive strength, bulk density and water absorption properties of the cured composites were tested. Addition of SBR latex in Portland cement mortar increases the compressive strength and decreases the water absorption. Bulk density study revels interface formation in the composite. The role of the interface in relation to compressive strength of the composite has been discussed. A simple Matrix System model is shown to account composition dependence of bulk density.     

Evidences for Chelating Complexes of Lithium with Phenylphosphinic and Phenylphosphonic Acids: A Spectroscopic and DFT Study

Abstract

Lithium complexes were prepared with phenylphosphinic and phenylphosphonic acids. The complexes were studied in the solid state using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and in solution (methanol) using ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) spectroscopy; the most preferred structures of the complexes were determined by density functional theory (DFT) computational method. Although methanol has a strong solvation effect on lithium ions and ligands, which causes dissociation of the complexes, significant changes of the NMR spectra of the complexes (relative to those of the free ligands) were observed. The new spectroscopic results indicate the presence of the phenylphosphinic acid tautomer (I: C₆H₅PH(?O)OH) rather than that of phenyl-phosphorous acid (II: C₆H₅P(OH)₂) in deuterated methanol showing PH/PD exchange. On the other hand, tautomer I predominates in the complex with lithium without showing PH/PD exchange. The DFT calculations predict that tautomer I is the preferred structure in the case of free ligand and lithium complex. The absence of a PH/PD exchange in the complex is due to the formation of a chelating complex, rather than of a simple salt between lithium ion and the two oxygen atoms of I, which prevent tautomerization of I into II. DFT calculations support the formation of lithium chelating complexes. The lithium ion was found to affect the spectroscopic properties of phenylphosphinic acid more dramatically than those of phenylphosphonic acid.     

UV‐curable acrylate‐based nanocomposites: effect of polyaniline additives on the curing performance

Composites of nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymer in a polyester acrylate (PEA) formulation were made to provide conductive organic coatings. The effect of the presence and amount of PANI on the photocuring performance of the ultraviolet (UV)‐curable acrylate system has been investigated employing real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as the main technique. Longer initial retardation of the radical polymerization and lower rates of cross‐linking reactions were observed for dispersions containing PANI of higher than 3wt.%. The PEA/PANI samples were more affected than the neat PEA resin by the changes in UV light intensity and oxygen accessibility during UV curing. Samples with higher PANI content, of up to 10wt.%, were tested and could be partially cured even at UV light intensities as low as 2 mW cm^?2 when the oxygen replenishment into the system was inhibited. Thermal analysis revealed that the presence of PANI did not induce any significant change in Tg of the cured system, meaning that early decrease in mobility and vitrification is not the reason for lower ultimate conversion of the dispersions with higher PANI content compared with the neat PEA resin. Curing under strong UV lamps, of 1.5 W cm^?2 intensity, made it possible to reach high degrees of conversion on films with similar mechanical properties independent of the PANI content. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NONCONJUGATED CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS

Conjugation is not a prerequisite for a polymer to be conductive. A polymer must have at least one double bond in the repeat to become conductive. Interaction with a dopant (e.g., electron acceptor) causes transfer of an electron from the double bond to the dopant creating a hole at the double bond site. Electrical conduction occurs via intersite hopping of holes. Various spectroscopic methods (FTIR, optical absorption, solid-state ¹³C NMR, etc.) along with electrical measurements have been used to elucidate the mechanism of conduction in specific nonconjugated conductive polymers. Examples of these polymers include 1,4-polyisoprene which has one double bond and three single bonds in the repeat. The conductivity of polyisoprene increases 100 billion times upon doping with iodine to a maximum value of 10 S/m. Polyisoprene (natural rubber) is used nonconjugated conductive polymers have a wide range of applications in antistatics, various sensors and optoelectronics.     

Morphology and Phase Composition ofGelatin-Starch Blends简

Morphology and phase compositions of different starch-gelatin blends were investigated by various microscopes: optical, SEM and synchrotron FTIR microscopy. A high amylose(80%) corn starch, grafted with hydroxypropyl to enhance flexibilty and hydrophilicity, and plasticized by poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG), was used in this work. SEM revealed that the surface became smoother after adding PEG. Optical microscopy observation revealed that compatibility between gelatin and starch was improved by adding PEG. An FTIR beam focused on a 5 μm× 5 μm detection area by the micro-spectroscope was used to map chemical composition. The ratio of areas of the saccharide bands(1180–953 cm 1) and the amide I and II bands(1750–1483 cm 1) was used to monitor the relative distributions of the two components in the blends. The FTIR maps indicated that gelatin constituted the continuous phase up to 80% of starch content. All of the FTIR spectra showed contributions from both starch and gelatin absorptions, therefore indicating that complete demixing with pure starch and gelatin domains did not occur. The PEG improved the compatibility of the gelatin-starch blends.     

Effect of Solvent Annealing Temperature on Crystal Modifications and Phase Transition Behavior of Regioregular Poly（3-octylthiophene）

In present study, the effect of the solvent annealing temperature on the crystal modifications and the phase transition behavior of the subsequently dried poly（3-octylthiophene） （P3OT） film has been investigated by the combination of DSC, WAXD and FTIR techniques. When chloroform is employed as the solvent, it is unexpectedly found that form I and form II crystal modifications of P3OT could be respectively obtained by room temperature and low temperature annealing. Comparing to the mostly used solvent reported for preparing form II, i.e. carbon disulfide （CS2） which is toxic and corrosive, chloroform is less toxic and corrosive and more suitable for solution processing of P3OT. Therefore, this finding provides an alternative way to obtain form II. By temperature dependent IR spectroscopy, the structural evolution of P3OT during the form II to form I phase transition process has also been studied in detail.     

高硫肥煤碳结构研究与光谱学表征

煤结构是煤化学的重要研究内容,优质肥煤在我国属于稀缺炼焦煤种。碳是煤结构的基本骨架,是构成煤中有机质及形成焦炭的主要元素。研究高硫肥煤中的碳结构对认知肥煤结构与性质,提高低品质炼焦煤利用效率具有重要意义。采集并制备山东东滩（DT）和山西水峪（SY）、霍州（HZ）、高阳（GY）四个矿区的肥煤样品,利用X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）以及 X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）对煤中碳结构进行谱学表征和联合解析,结合煤质分析结果,计算不同肥煤样品的碳结构参数。研究结果表明：SY,HZ,GY和DT四种肥煤的芳香度f_a-XRD依次增大,芳香层片的延展度L_c和堆垛高度L_a依次减小,山西煤的芳香碳结构层片在排列规整度和芳香环缩合程度上强于东滩煤。DT和GY煤中芳香烃结构主要以苯环五取代、苯环四取代和苯环三取代形式存在,SY与HZ煤中芳香结构以苯环二取代和苯环四取代为主。DT和GY煤含有较多的支链和较高的芳环缩合度。四种肥煤中脂肪结构均是以亚甲基为主,DT,SY,HZ和GY煤的亚甲基占脂肪结构的比例分别为46.27%,48.89%,44.21%和41.85%,煤中含有较多的烷基侧链。GY与DT煤中甲基含量略高于次甲基,SY和HZ煤则相反,这主要与不同煤样在成烃期间长脂肪族结构发生断裂的程度有关。SY,HZ,GY和DT煤的芳碳率分别为0.83,0.81,0.74和0.68,芳氢率分别为0.51,0.43,0.34和0.29,煤中芳构化程度依次减小,芳香环缩合度依次升高。DT和HZ煤的氧化程度较高,DT煤含有较多的C-O结构,判断DT煤中存在较多不易被热分解或不易起化学反应的非活性氧。     

红外光谱法结合化学计量学对可擦笔油墨检验的研究

可擦笔作为一种新型书写工具,具有墨迹可擦除的特点,因此在当前的公安司法工作中,常见不法分子利用可擦笔对文件进行篡改。为保证物证的完整性,亟待建立一种无损,快速的可擦笔油墨检验方法,为寻找书写工具,确定犯罪嫌疑人提供帮助。常见可擦笔油墨可分为成膜油墨类和温变油墨类,本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对市场收集的不同品牌、型号和颜色的30支可擦笔油墨进行检验。通过分析4 000～650 cm-1范围内的红外光谱对比不同可擦笔油墨的组成成分及不同褪色机理的可擦笔油墨差异。通过红外光谱信息发现,同品牌、同型号的可擦笔油墨成分相似,可擦笔油墨颜色对红外光谱影响较小。同时,对比擦除前后的可擦笔墨痕的红外光谱信息发现,温变类油墨在擦除后依旧有特殊化学成分残留,具备检验条件,但成膜型可擦油墨在擦除后残留成分较少,很难进行认定,这可能与成膜类油墨的微粒结构有关。此外,本研究利用主成分分析法（PCA）和热图Heatmap对可擦笔油墨650～1 500 cm-1范围内的红外光谱信息进行处理,进而对可擦笔种类进行分类研究,并建立红外光谱信息与主成分载荷（loadings）之间的联系。通过载荷图可知,前两主成分概括了几乎全部的红外光谱信息,累计贡献率在79%以上。为在实际工作中判断可擦笔来源,在30种油墨样本中随机选取5种未知可擦笔样本,与已知样本同时进行PCA分析,并制作散点图,实现对未知可擦笔油墨样品种类的判断,效果较好。实验结果表明,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合主成分分析法可对可擦笔油墨较好地进行分类,具有快速、无损、高灵敏度的显著优势,在保证物证的完整性的同时,提高了检验效率,为可擦笔变造文件的检验提供了一种较为理想的分析方法。