DPPH自由基清除活性的光度微量滴定模型及应用

传统的DPPH自由基清除活性评价方法以半数清除浓度EC₅₀为评价指标,但EC₅₀随DPPH初始加入量增加而增加,随分析体积增加而减小,因此,不同条件EC₅₀值不具有可比性。提出以DPPH与抗氧化剂相互反应的化学计量数比(R)作为评价DPPH清除活性的指标,该指标只与DPPH与抗氧化剂相互反应的化学计量关系有关,与DPPH初始加入量和分析体积等因素无关,解决了EC₅₀可比性差的问题。提出了测定化学计量数比(R)的光度微量滴定法,建立了利用滴定过程吸光度差(ΔA)与抗氧化剂加入量之间的滴定方程计算R值、以R计算EC₅₀的光度微量滴定模型,并利用芦丁对模型进行验证。结果：芦丁与DPPH反应R值在1.817～1.846之间,当DPPH加入量为1.12×10-7,2.24×10-7,4.48×10-7和6.72×10-7 mol时,分别计算得EC₅₀值分别为1.196×10-3,2.392×10-3,4.819×10-3和7.292×10-3 mg·mL-1。在此基础上,基于文献报道的芦丁清除DPPH条件,利用得到的芦丁R值计算出相应EC₅₀,结果与文献报道EC₅₀值相当。方法可比性好,样品消耗量明显降低,简单、成本低,结果可靠,为自由基清除活性评价提出了一种新的思路。     

Alkyl Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation by Nickel/Photoredox Cross‐Coupling

The union of photoredox and nickel catalysis has resulted in a renaissance in radical chemistry as well as in the use of nickel‐catalyzed transformations, specifically for carbon–carbon bond formation. Collectively, these advances address the longstanding challenge of late‐stage cross‐coupling of functionalized alkyl fragments. Empowered by the notion that photocatalytically generated alkyl radicals readily undergo capture by Ni complexes, wholly new feedstocks for cross‐coupling have been realized. Herein, we highlight recent developments in several types of alkyl cross‐couplings that are accessible exclusively through this approach.     

Copper Photoredox Catalyzed A3’ Coupling of Arylamines,Terminal Alkynes,and Alcohols through a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Process

The first successful example of the three‐component coupling of N‐alkylanilines, terminal alkynes, and alcohols was achieved at room temperature by a visible‐light‐mediated copper‐catalyzed photoredox hydrogen‐atom transfer process. This method allows preparation of propargylamines through uniquely selective α‐C?H bond activation of unactivated alkylalcohols. Preliminary studies indicate that formation of α‐oxy radical is operative. This approach facilitates rapid access to biologically important propargylamines from methanol as an abundant feedstock.     

Computational insight into excited states of the ring-opening radicals from the pyrolysis of furan biofuels

The low-lying valence excited states and Rydberg states of the radical species from the ring-opening reactions in pyrolysis of furan biofuels have been determined by extensive density functional theory and sophisticated wave function theory calculations. The radicals 1-C₄H₅O-2, 2-furylCH₂, and 4-C₆H₇O with the delocalized π-type single electron are predicted to be most stable among the reactive species here for furan, 2-methyfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran, respectively. Predicted vertical transition energies by TD-CAM-B3LYP show good agreement with those by CASPT2. Some among the electronic excitations to low-lying states can take place in the visible light region, and they may be involved in the combustion process. Further surface hopping dynamics simulations on the excited states of the most stable ring-opening radical 1-C₄H₅O-2 of furan as an example reveal that 89.9% sampling trajectories at the initial excited state of 2²A”(π¹π*²) decay to the 1²A’(n¹π*²) state within an average of 384 fs, and then 81.2% trajectories at the 1²A’ state go to the ground state within an average of 114 fs. At the end of the simulation for 1000 fs, 18.8% trajectories still stay on the excited states of 2²A” and 1²A’, suggesting that the reactive radicals in the ground state are mainly responsible for the combustion chemistry of furan biofuels. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

甲烷/氧气层流同轴射流扩散火焰OH*自由基的数值研究

OH*自由基是火焰中主要的激发态自由基之一,它所产生的化学发光可用于描述火焰的结构、拉伸率、氧燃当量比和热释放速率等特征信息,因此被广泛应用于火焰燃烧状态的在线诊断。以甲烷/氧气层流同轴射流扩散火焰作为研究对象,采用GRI-Mech 3.0机理结合OH*自由基生成和淬灭反应进行数值计算,对OH*自由基的二维分布特性进行研究,分析不同区域内OH*自由基的生成路径,并探讨不同氧燃当量比例和不同喷嘴出口尺寸对OH*自由基强度和分布特性的影响。模拟结果与实验研究基本吻合,表明计算模型能够准确描述火焰中OH*自由基的二维分布。结果表明：在甲烷/氧气层流同轴射流扩散火焰中,OH*自由基存在两种不同形态的分布区域,分别由反应CH+O₂=OH*+CO和H+O+M=OH*+M生成;随着氧燃当量比提高,OH*自由基的分布区域逐渐向火焰下游扩张,根据其分布形态的变化可以对火焰燃烧状况进行判断;如果OH*自由基仅分布于火焰的上游区域且呈断开形态,则说明火焰处于贫氧燃烧状态。如果OH*分布呈环状形态,则说明火焰处于富氧燃烧状态;相同氧气流量条件下,缩小喷嘴出口的环隙尺寸有助于加强燃料和氧气的化学反应程度,从而使火焰中OH*自由基的摩尔分数显著提高,增强OH*化学发光的辐射强度,提高火焰光谱诊断的准确性。     

The history and triumph of physical organic chemistry

The beginnings of physical organic chemistry can be traced back to the early 19th Century in the work of Michael Faraday, and this area of study gained great prominence with the discovery by Moses Gomberg of the triphenylmethyl radical in 1900. From that time, the field has continually grown in its capabilities and now is widely used for the understanding of organic and bioorganic chemistry, using both experimental and theoretical approaches. Some of the history of this development is described.     

Radical‐Mediated 1,2‐Formyl/Carbonyl Functionalization of Alkenes and Application to the Construction of Medium‐Sized Rings

A novel radical 1,2‐formylfunctionalization of alkenes involving 1,2(4,5)‐formyl migration triggered by addition of various carbon‐ and heteroatom‐centered radicals to alkenes has been developed for the first time, thus providing straightforward access to diverse β‐functionalized aldehydes with good efficiency, remarkable selectivity, and excellent functional group tolerance. Analogous transformations mediated by a keto‐carbonyl migration have also been effected under similar conditions. This method was used to access ring systems including various benzannulated nine‐, ten‐, and eleven‐membered rings, complex 6‐5(6,7)‐6(5) fused rings, and bridged rings with diverse functionalities.     

Strong Exchange Coupling in a Trimetallic Radical‐Bridged Cobalt(II)‐Hexaazatrinaphthylene Complex

Reducing hexaazatrinaphthylene (HAN) with potassium in the presence of 18‐c‐6 produces [{K(18‐c‐6)}HAN], which contains the S=1/2 radical [HAN]^.?. The [HAN]^.? radical can be transferred to the cobalt(II) amide [Co{N(SiMe₃)₂}₂], forming [K(18‐c‐6)][(HAN){Co(N′′)₂}₃]; magnetic measurements on this compound reveal an S=4 spin system with strong cobalt–ligand antiferromagnetic exchange and J≈?290 cm^?1 (?2 J formalism). In contrast, the Co^II centres in the unreduced analogue [(HAN){Co(N′′)₂}₃] are weakly coupled (J≈?4.4 cm^?1). The finding that [HAN]^.? can be synthesized as a stable salt and transferred to cobalt introduces potential new routes to magnetic materials based on strongly coupled, triangular HAN building blocks.     

Control of a living radical polymerization of methacrylates by light

On-off: A living radical polymerization procedure, which utilizes ppm levels of an iridium-based photoredox catalyst, affords control over chain growth through mediation by visible light (see scheme; P(n) =polymer chain, X=halogen, M=monomer). This process can be activated and deactivated by light, enables control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distributions, and tolerates different functional groups.