Wind effects on noise propagation for complicated geographical and road configurations

Outdoor propagation from roads is influenced by wind, temperature and humidity. It is necessary to predict wind effects to simulate long-term environmental noise accurately. Noise levels have been measured in conjunction with wind speed and wind direction measurements. These noise levels showed noticeable daily changes. Excess attenuations of noise levels were found to depend on the vector wind (U_vec). By relating the vector wind and observed sound attenuations under all wind conditions, the influence of wind can be more accurately predicted for purposes of simulating noise propagation.     

Ultrasound-assisted of alkali chloride separation using bulk ionic liquid membrane

An ultrasonic-assisted separation of alkali chloride (LiCl, NaCl, and KCl) salts have been carried out using of an hydrophobic ionic liquid membrane (ILM). The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and tributyl phosphate mixture have been used as ILM. An ultrasonic probe with different frequencies (25, 100, and 250) kHz have been applied as source of ultrasound generator with different times of sonication (2, 5, and 10) min in three phases system containing feed, ILM, and receiver in osmotic U-shaped tube. Also, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of the feed (alkali chloride) concentration have been used to separate. The frequency of 250 kHz with higher sonication time provides optimum condition for separation of LiCl with lower feed concentration. The thermodynamic properties such as density and speed of sound and the related thermodynamic properties have been calculated to optimize ILM composition (x_IL = 0.45) for ultrasound-separation.     

Cu分隔开的Pd单原子用于乙炔选择加氢:Cu担载量的影响

大量乙烯中少量乙炔的去除是化工生产中的重要过程之一,理想途径是将其选择加氢生成乙烯.负载型Pd催化剂因具有很高的乙炔转化率而被广泛用于该过程,但乙烯选择性很低,同时会使原料气中的乙烯被加氢,造成原料气的浪费.采用其它元素对Pd纳米粒子表面修饰,覆盖部分活性位,可以在一定程度上提高乙烯选择性,但是会大大降低Pd的利用率.因此,制备兼具高活性和高选择性且经济实用的催化剂,仍是这一过程亟待解决的主要问题之一.我们的前期工作中,将Pd与IB族金属(Au,Ag,Cu)分别结合制备得到了一系列含Pd的合金单原子催化剂(SAC),发现它们在大量乙烯存在条件下的乙炔选择加氢反应中表现出优异的催化性能.其中,Pd的用量仅为ppm级别,大大提高了Pd的利用率.作为IB族最为廉价的金属,Pd与Cu形成的合金SAC在提高Pd原子利用率的同时,能够进一步降低催化剂的经济成本.然而,当形成合金SAC时,Cu/Pd原子比例的极限值仍然不确定.本文通过固定Pd的担载量,采用简单的等体积共浸渍的方法,制备了一系列不同Cu/Pd原子比例的氧化硅负载的双金属催化剂.首先,我们采用程序升温还原(TPR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂的还原能力和双金属纳米粒子的尺寸进行了考察.进一步,采用X射线吸收光谱(XAS,包括EXAFS和XANES)对双金属催化剂中Pd的配位环境进行了分析.最后,结合它们在大量乙烯存在条件下的乙炔选择加氢反应中的催化性能,对形成合金SAC时Cu/Pd原子比例进行了讨论.TPR结果显示,Cu与Pd结合时会促进双金属纳米粒子的还原.XRD结果表明,随着Cu含量的降低,双金属纳米粒子的尺寸明显减小.XANES结果证实,当Pd与Cu结合时,Pd会带有部分负电荷,这也与Pd的电负性大于Cu相一致.通过对EXAFS拟合结果进行分析,我们发现当Cu/Pd的原子比例≥40/1时,Pd原子可以被Cu原子完全分隔开,形成含Pd的合金SAC,使其在大量乙烯存在条件下的乙炔选择加氢反应中表现出优异的催化性能.通过对还原温度的考察,我们发现还原温度由250 oC升高到400 oC时,对同一催化剂的催化性能影响不大;EXAFS拟合结果显示,对比分别经过250和400 oC还原后的催化剂,Pd的配位环境变化不明显,这可能是导致催化性能相似的主要原因.     

Excess Gibbs energies and volumes of the ternary system chloroform + tetrahydrofuran + cyclohexane at 298.15 K

Vapour–liquid equilibria and densities for the ternary system chloroform + tetrahydrofuran + cyclohexane and for the binary mixtures containing chloroform have been determined at 298.15 K. Vapour–liquid equilibrium data have been collected by head-space gas-chromatographic analysis of the vapour phase directly withdrawn from an equilibration apparatus. Density measurements have been carried out by means of a vibrating tube densimeter. Molar excess Gibbs energies G^E and volumes V^E, as well as activity coefficients and apparent molar volumes of the components, have been obtained from the measured quantities and discussed. The binary chloroform + tetrahydrofuran displays negative deviations from ideality, while chloroform + cyclohexane positive deviations, for both volume and Gibbs energy. The G^E's and V^E's for the ternary system are positive in the region rich in cyclohexane while negative in the region rich in chloroform + tetrahydrofuran. This indicates that hydrogen bonding between chloroform and tetrahydrofuran molecules produces negative values of G^E and V^E and strongly influences the behaviour of the ternary system.     

Vapor–liquid equilibria and density measurement for binary mixtures of o-xylene + NMF, m-xylene + NMF and p-xylene + NMF at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K from 0 kPa to 101.3 kPa

Isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria at 333.15 K, 343.15 K and 353.15 K for three binary mixtures of o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene individually mixed with N-methylformamide (NMF), have been obtained at pressures ranged from 0 kPa to 101.3 kPa over the whole composition range. The Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models have been employed to correlate experimental pressures and liquid mole fractions. The non-ideal behavior of the vapor phase has been considered by using the Peng–Robinson equation of state in calculating the vapor mole fraction. Liquid and vapor densities were measured by using two vibrating tube densitometers. The excess molar volumes of the liquid phase were also determined. Three systems of o-xylene + NMF, m-xylene + NMF and p-xylene + NMF mixtures present large positive deviations from the ideal solution and belong to endothermic mixings because their excess Gibbs energies are positive. Temperature dependent intermolecular parameters in the NRTL model correlation were finally obtained in this study.     

Temperatures of liquid–liquid separation and excess molar volumes of {N-methylpiperidine–water} and {2-methylpiperidine–water} systems

Partial miscibility in binary systems {N-methylpiperidine–water} and {2-methylpiperidine–water} was studied. The temperatures of liquid–liquid separation were determined as function of composition using both calorimetric technique and phase equilibrium cell. The densities of {amine–water} mixtures were determined in the domain of total miscibility at temperatures between 288 K and 338 K. Excess molar volumes were derived from experimental density data and fit to a Redlich–Kister polynomial.     

Liquid densities of THF and excess volumes for the mixture with water in a wide temperature and pressure range

In this paper densities for THF (tetrahydrofuran) and THF + water mixtures measured with the help of the Anton Paar DMA HPM vibrating tube densimeter are reported. The pure component densities of tetrahydrofuran measured in the temperature range from 278 to 437 K and pressures up to 130 MPa were correlated with the TRIDEN-System. Additionally densities of the binary mixture tetrahydrofuran + water were measured for 6 different concentrations in a temperature range from 288 to 338 K and up to 130 MPa. Excess volumes (vE)$(v^E)$ of the mixture were determined using the own correlation of the tetrahydrofuran densities and the equation of state (EoS) for water by Wagner and Pruß. Redlich–Kister polynomials were used to fit the vE-data$v^E\text{-data}$. Additionally in this work it was checked if the vibrating tube densimeter allows the determination of the miscibility gap for the system THF–water as a function of temperature and pressure.     

双荧光层靶Kα线强度比诊断靶内超热电子温度

 利用双荧光层复合靶产生的Kα特征线强度比诊断了靶内超热电子的温度,即通过实验测量复合靶中两种不同材料荧光层辐射出的Kα特征线强度比,结合ITS3.0程序模拟结果,对超热电子温度进行诊断。将诊断结果与实验中利用电子磁谱仪测量的超热电子温度进行了比较,二者基本一致。结果表明,选取适当的荧光层靶厚,可以利用双荧光层复合靶产生的Kα特征线强度比对靶内的超热电子温度进行诊断。     

Hybrid magnetic field formulation based on the losses separation method for modified dynamic inverse Jiles-Atherton model

Dynamic formulation based on the losses separation method in conducting media for the inverse Jiles-Atherton model is proposed. This formulation is based on the concept of the Hybrid Magnetic Field model (HMF). The HMF consists of the modification of the effective field by introducing two counter-fields associated, respectively, with the eddy current and excess losses. Such a formulation is characterized by seven parameters with five parameters issued from the quasi-static Jiles-Atherton model. Thus, two new parameters related to these fields are added to that defined in the quasi-static model. The identification of these new parameters is based on the measurements of the volumetric energy density. To validate this formulation, measurements are carried out on grain non-oriented Fe-Si 3% electrical sheets.