Sessile nanofluid droplet drying

Nanofluid droplet evaporation has gained much audience nowadays due to its wide applications in painting, coating, surface patterning, particle deposition, etc. This paper reviews the drying progress and deposition formation from the evaporative sessile droplets with the suspended insoluble solutes, especially nanoparticles. The main content covers the evaporation fundamental, the particle self-assembly, and deposition patterns in sessile nanofluid droplet. Both experimental and theoretical studies are presented. The effects of the type, concentration and size of nanoparticles on the spreading and evaporative dynamics are elucidated at first, serving the basis for the understanding of particle motion and deposition process which are introduced afterward. Stressing on particle assembly and production of desirable residue patterns, we express abundant experimental interventions, various types of deposits, and the effects on nanoparticle deposition. The review ends with the introduction of theoretical investigations, including the Navier–Stokes equations in terms of solutions, the Diffusion Limited Aggregation approach, the Kinetic Monte Carlo method, and the Dynamical Density Functional Theory. Nanoparticles have shown great influences in spreading, evaporation rate, evaporation regime, fluid flow and pattern formation of sessile droplets. Under different experimental conditions, various deposition patterns can be formed. The existing theoretical approaches are able to predict fluid dynamics, particle motion and deposition patterns in the particular cases. On the basis of further understanding of the effects of fluid dynamics and particle motion, the desirable patterns can be obtained with appropriate experimental regulations.     

Mixed-mode and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodologies to study composition and base hydrolysis of polysorbate 20 and 80

Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate) and polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate) used in protein drug formulations are complex mixtures that have been difficult to characterize. Here, two HPLC methods are used with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) and mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize polysorbate from commercial vendors. The first HPLC method used a mixed-mode stationary phase (Waters Oasis MAX, mixed-mode anion exchange and reversed-phase sorbent) with a step gradient to quantify both the total polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester and polyoxyethylene sorbitan (POE sorbitan, a non-surfactant) in polysorbate. The results indicated POE sorbitan was present from 16.0 to 27.6 and 11.1 to 14.5% (w/w) in polysorbate 20 and 80, respectively. The second HPLC method used a reversed-phase stationary phase (Zorbax SB-300 C(8)) with a shallow gradient to separate, identify, and quantify the multiple ester species present in polysorbate. For all lots of polysorbate 20 analyzed, only 18-23% of the material was the expected structure, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate. Up to 40% and 70% (w/w) di- and triesters were found in polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80 respectively. Likewise, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate accounted for only 20% of polysorbate 80. A variability of 3-5% was observed for each ester species between multiple lots of polysorbate 20. The reversed-phase method was then used to determine the rate of hydrolysis for each polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester of polysorbate 20 in basic solution at room temperature. Increasing rates of hydrolysis were observed with decreasing aliphatic chain lengths in polysorbate 20.     

A new method for the determination of biogenic amines in cheese by LC with evaporative light scattering detector

This paper presents a new LC method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD), for the separation and determination of the biogenic amines (histamine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine, putrescine and β-phenylethylamine) which are commonly present in cheese, as their presence and relative amounts give useful information about freshness, level of maturing, quality of storage and cheese authentication. The LC-ELSD method is validated by comparison of the results with those obtained through LC-UV determination, based on a pre-column dansyl chloride derivatisation step. The obtained data demonstrate that both methods can be interchangeably used for biogenic amines determination in cheese. The new LC-ELSD method shows good precision and permits to achieve, for standard solutions, limit of detection (LOD) values ranging from 1.4 to 3.6 mg L⁻¹ and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values ranging from 3.6 to 9.3 mg L⁻¹. The whole methodology, comprehensive of the homogenization-extraction process and LC-ELSD analysis, has been applied in the analysis of a typical Calabria (Southern Italy) POD cheese, known as Caciocavallo Silano. The most aboundant amine found was histamine, followed, in decreasing order, by tyramine, spermine, putrescine, β-phenylethylamine and spermidine, for a total amount of 127 mg kg⁻¹. This value does not represent a possible risk for consumer health, according to the toxicity levels reported in literature and regarded as acceptable.     

Rational development of a selection model for solvent gradients in single-step separation of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng using high-speed counter-current chromatography

A new model of solvent gradients selection was rationally developed for the preparative separation of target compounds. The solvent gradients were selected based on a three-stage screening process where stationary phase retention was ensured by introducing a new parameter termed as the phase ratio. The phase ratio was calculated after mixing the upper phase of a solvent system with the lower phase of a different solvent system (1:1, v/v). The developed model was applied to the one-step separation of eight ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Three gradients were selected on the basis of new model and eight ginsenosides, Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re, Rg(1), Rf, and Rh(1), were efficiently separated by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector. The structures of all compounds were characterized by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Meshfree isoparametric finite point interpolation method (IFPIM) with weak and strong forms for evaporative laser drilling

An isoparametric finite point interpolation method (IFPIM) with weak and strong forms has been developed to analyze evaporative laser drilling. The method is based on isoparametric finite point representation of the unknowns in the influence domain. The local influence domains are mapped onto a master domain where the shape functions and their derivatives are known. The solution in the master domain is approximated by a linear combination of shape functions. The present method employs a simple strong form in the domain and a weak form on the boundary. Three different types of boundary conditions considered are of essential, convection, and laser irradiation type. The problem is geometrically nonlinear because the domain is not known a priori due to material removal in drilling. An iterative scheme is used to solve the nonlinear problem. The material removal is handled by redistributing points in the domain. This renders the point distribution non-uniform as in random distribution. The numerical results show excellent agreement with those by FEM and BEM in terms of groove shape, temperature and heat flux distributions, and amount of material removal. The results are superior to those from the isoparametric finite point interpolation methods with only strong forms.     

Nanofabrication and characterization of a grating‐based condenser for uniform illumination with hard X‐rays

In the development of full‐field transmission X‐ray microscopy for basic study in science and technology, a condenser capable of providing intense illumination with high uniformity and stability on tested specimens in order to achieve high‐quality images is essential. The latest design of a square‐shaped condenser based on diffractive gratings has demonstrated promising uniformity in illumination. This paper describes in more detail the development of such a beam shaper for hard X‐rays at 10 keV with regard to its design, manufacture and optical characterization. The effect of the grating profile on the diffracted intensity has been theoretically predicted by numerical simulation using the finite‐difference time‐domain method. Based on this, the limitations of the grating‐based condenser are discussed.     

超导同步调相机低温系统设计与试验研究

超导同步调相机是一种用于电力系统的新型动态无功补偿设备,具有高效、快速响应等优点.本文描述了10 Mvar高温超导同步调相机的总体结构,励磁绕组采用YBCO高温超导带材绕制而成,通过循环的20 K冷氦气进行冷却.低温系统主要包含3台制冷机、1台氦气泵、冷头换热器及其他辅助设备,通过旋转密封装置与电机转子部分进行连接.本文重点介绍了低温系统的设计方法,包括转子、绝热力矩管和电流引线等关键部位漏热和氦气管路流阻的计算方法,并通过多次降温试验进行实验验证.通过对带负载试验结果分析得出：存在最优的氦气压力和氦气泵转速运行参数,使得电机转子部分获的最佳冷却效果.通过与300 kvar高温超导同步调相机的耦合测试发现,所研制的低温系统可将转子系统冷却至22.4 K,满足调相机应用中对低温环境的要求.     

锅炉壁冷却包的远程监控

利用PC和I／O接口板卡实现了对锅炉冷却包工作状态的远程监控，用自行编制的动态连接库解决了基于VB的应用程序不能访问设备底层接口的缺陷，同时，信号的远程传输采用光隔离器件电流环驱动，不但使系统的抗干扰能力大幅度提高，而且可有效地消除系统的安全隐患。     

多背压凝汽器中温差场均匀性原则的直接证明

1引言换热器是应用于多种工业系统中的重要设备。随着节能研究的深入，对各种换热器的性能要求愈来愈高，因此对换热器的设计方法也提出了更高要求。过增元等［‘l提出了“换热器温差场愈均匀，不仅热力学效益愈高，而且传热效能也愈高”的新构想，并称其为“温差场均匀性原则”。文献山用分析和数值计算的方法进行了初步的证明。据我们掌握的资料，尚未有对温差场均匀性原则直接证明的文献发表。凝汽器是火电厂最重要的换热设备。目前大型汽轮机组已广泛采用双背压或多背压凝汽器以提高蒸汽动力循环的热效率、杨善让等［’l在假定各级热负…     

正入射软X-射线显微成像系统聚光镜设计

 依据正入射软X 射线显微成像系统对聚光镜的要求, 论述了采用掠入射聚光镜是最佳选择。在分析聚光镜几何参数的基础上, 决定了确定椭球面聚光镜的方法。在考虑材料反射特性和实际制作椭球面镜方法的同时, 确定了要研制的高分辨率显微成像系统用聚光镜的结构参数。