A clever strategy for permeability studies of methyl bromide and some organic compounds through high-barrier plastic films

An analytical strategy has been proposed and optimized to study the permeability of several flexible plastic materials, some of them with high-barrier properties, versus naphthalene, methyl bromide, toluene, ethylbenzene, and ortho- and para-xylenes. The strategy involves using a system of concentric plastic bags made from the materials to be tested polyethylene (PE) and used as permeable plastics to facilitate the homogeneous distribution of a solid compound, such as naphthalene, in vapour phase. After the permeation test, the vapour phase containing the pollutants that cross the plastic barrier is trapped in a 12% ethanol–water solution and further analysed by SPME in headspace mode. Several experimental conditions as well as different samples were tested. The results obtained are shown and discussed.     

Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene with Carbon Dioxide Over ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-based Composite Oxide Catalysts

We have been exploring various new catalyst systems for the utilization of carbon dioxide as a soft oxidant in the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB) to styrene. The utilization of CO₂ as a soft oxidant for the commercially important catalytic dehydrogenation of EB to styrene has received enormous attention recently due to its several attractive features. This review summarizes the results of our most recent findings on zirconia-based composite oxide catalyst systems exploited for this reaction. Under this systematic and comprehensive investigation various zirconia-based composite oxide catalysts namely, TiO₂-ZrO₂, MnO₂-ZrO₂, CeO₂-ZrO₂, K₂O/TiO₂-ZrO₂, B₂O₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂ and CeO₂-ZrO₂/SBA-15 have been synthesized, characterized by various techniques and evaluated for the title reaction. Most of these composite oxide catalysts were found to exhibit very interesting physicochemical characteristics and exceptionally better catalytic properties for this reaction. As revealed by characterization results, a large number of acid–base sites with moderate strength are essential for a high conversion and product selectivity of this reaction with CO₂ as the soft oxidant.     

层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接可控合成

分子筛是一类重要的催化材料,在石油和煤制化学品工业中应用广泛.目前,国际分子筛协会结构委员会确认的248种分子筛骨架结构中的19种已经商业化应用,如FAU,MFI,*BEA,MOR和MWW.具有多层结构的MCM-22是MWW结构分子筛的典型代表,已应用于苯与乙烯液相烷基化制乙苯.然而,烷基化反应主要发生在位于MCM-22分子筛晶体外表面的半超笼内,位于10元环孔道和12元环超笼内的酸性位对乙烯转化率几乎没有贡献.因此,有必要制备能够容纳更多半超笼的具有超大外比表面积的新型MWW结构分子筛.厚度仅2.5 nm的单层MWW结构分子筛ITQ-2具备以上特征,但是其较弱的酸性质及复杂的制备过程使其无法工业应用.受到采用具有长碳链的双子季铵阳离子两亲性有机结构导向剂直接合成层状MFI分子筛的启发,其有机结构导向剂同时起到导向MFI结构和抑制晶体沿b轴方向生长的作用.类似地,层剥离MWW结构分子筛也被直接合成出来,但所得材料的催化性能不理想,且有机结构导向剂不易得.通过对MCM-22分子筛的结构分析发现,其合成态是由多个MWW结构层有序组装而成,可以通过溶胀处理增大层间距,削弱层间相互作用,经超声处理即可实现层剥离.鉴于此,本文采用向合成MCM-22分子筛的常规体系中加入二环己基胺充当有机添加剂构筑'双功能'合成体系的策略,开展层剥离MWW结构分子筛新材料的直接合成.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,与MCM-22分子筛相比,在二环己基胺参与下合成的分子筛SCM-1(DCHA/SiO2=0.4)和SCM-6(DCHA/SiO2=0.6)的XRD谱中与MWW结构c轴方向有关的(101)和(102)晶面的衍射峰出现偏移和重叠的现象,表明其沿c轴方向有序性降低.扫描电子显微镜显示,所有样品均为片状形貌,其中SCM-6含有少量无定形物种.氩气及氮气物理吸附结果表明,SCM-1和SCM-6具有超大外比表面积,而微孔体积小于MCM-22分子筛.透射电子显微镜表征结果表明,MCM-22为多层结构,厚度约为20 nm,而SCM-1和SCM-6的厚度分别约为5.0和2.5 nm,对应双层和单层结构,表明在有机添加剂参与下直接合成了层剥离的新型MWW结构分子筛.值得注意的是,通过调节添加剂用量,可以调节剥离程度,即实现可控层剥离,得到完全(单层)或部分(双层)剥离的MWW结构分子筛.该方法所采用的添加剂的尺寸是关键因素,选用尺寸大于有机结构导向剂的添加剂才能有效抑制晶体沿c轴方向的有序生长,实现层剥离MWW结构分子筛的直接合成.采用该方法合成的新型MWW结构分子筛具有超大外比表面积和更多的表面半超笼,在苯与乙烯液相烷基化反应中,SCM-1催化的乙烯转化率明显高于MCM-22分子筛.SCM-6因结晶度低而未能表现出优势.进一步比较SCM-1和MCM-22的催化稳定性发现,SCM-1的稳定性更好,经过64 h连续反应,其吸附的有机物及积碳更少.在1,3,5-三异丙苯裂解反应中,SCM-1的催化性能也明显优于MCM-22.     

Tandem oxidation/bromination of ethyl aromatics to α,α-dibromoacetophenones with molecular oxygen under visible light irradiation

The facile synthesis of α,α-dibromoacetophenones from ethyl-substituted aromatics by aerobic photooxidation has been developed. This synthetic method achieves oxidative dibromination of aromatic ethyl groups by using inexpensive and easily handled bromine sources, harmless visible light and molecular oxygen.     

NHPI结合磺化酞菁钴催化的乙苯氧化反应

探索了一种由N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺（NHPI）和磺化酞菁钴（CoSPc）组成的催化体系催化的将乙苯转化成相应氧化物有效且温和的方法．结果显示控制NHPI和乙苯物质的量比为0．050,NHPI和CoSPc物质的量比为6,反应温度90℃,是该氧化反应的最佳条件,在此条件下,乙苯在氧气中反应10h,乙苯转化率和苯乙酮选择性分...     

Vibrational Spectra and Quantum Calculations of Ethylbenzene

Normal vibrations of ethylbenzene in the first excited state have been studied using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. The band origin of ethylbenzene of S₁←S₀ transition appeared at 37586 cm^-1. A vibrational spectrum of 2000 cm^-1 above the band origin in the first excited state has been obtained. Several chain torsions and normal vibrations are obtained in the spectrum. The energies of the first excited state are calculated by the time-dependent density function theory and configuration interaction singles (CIS) methods with various basis sets. The optimized structures and vibrational frequencies of the S₀ and S₁ states are calculated using Hartree-Fock and CIS methods with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The calculated geometric structures in the S₀ and S₁ states are gauche conformations that the symmetric plane of ethyl group is perpendicular to the ring plane. All the observed spectral bands have been successfully assigned with the help of our calculations.     

TiO_2助剂对乙苯脱氢催化剂性能的影响

研究了TiO_2助剂对乙苯脱氢催化剂的结构和其催化性能的影响以及对催化剂中铁钾尖晶石活性相形成的作用,并对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征.表征结果表明,引入适量的TiO_2能显著促进催化剂中活性相K_2Fe_(22)O_(34)的形成,减小CeO_2的晶粒尺寸,提高其在催化剂中的分散性;另一方面,添加助剂TiO_2后可以降低CeO_2和活性相K_2Fe_(22)O_(34)的还原温度,为反应提供更多的氧缺位和酸碱中心,提高了催化剂乙苯脱氢反应的活性.     

Mixed metal oxide catalysts for the selective oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone

MgAl and MgMAl oxides(M = Co,Ni and Cu) with a Mg:M:Al molar ratio = 4:1:1 were synthesized from the calcination of their corresponding layered double hydroxide(LDHs) precursors.Their catalytic activities were examined for the oxidation of ethylbenzene using tert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP) as an oxidant.The oxidized product was mainly acetophenone.The catalytic activities were in the order of MgCuAl>MgNiAl～NiAl～MgCoAl～CoAl>CuAl>MgAl oxides.Reusability studies show that the catalysts are stable under the re...     

含超微氧化亚钴颗粒Beta分子筛的合成及其催化乙苯氧化性能

杂原子分子筛是指在硅铝分子筛或磷铝酸盐分子筛中含有骨架内或骨架外某种原子或其化合物的分子筛.这些杂原子可以是某些主族元素(如硼、锗、镓)或有变价特性的过渡金属元素(如钛、铁、钴、镍)等.将杂原子或其化合物通过浸渍、离子交换、水热晶化等方式引入沸石分子筛骨架中形成杂原子分子筛,往往可以改变沸石分子筛的骨架结构和理化性能,并赋予沸石分子筛新的催化反应性能.自1983年钛硅分子筛TS-1被发现能够高效催化烯烃环氧化以来,许多杂原子分子筛因其在催化烷烃类及芳烃类氧化、醛酮选择氧化及烯烃类环氧化等领域表现出的优良性能得到了广泛关注.目前,合成含不同杂原子的分子筛已成为分子筛材料开发的一个重要内容.分子筛的微孔孔道结构赋予了被引入其中作为催化中心的杂原子对反应物/产物分子独特的择形选择性;同时,分子筛骨架与杂原子之间往往存在化学键或空间限域作用,使得杂原子在高温高压等反应条件下依然保持高度的分散性,避免由于团聚导致活性降低.钴离子及含钴化合物在烷烃及芳烃类催化氧化反应中表现出很好的活性,能够利用分子氧实现对高碳烷烃及烷基苯的催化氧化.将钴离子及其化合物引入具有合适孔道结构的分子筛,可以提高催化反应的选择性.目前将对含钴分子筛的合成研究主要有后处理法及直接水热法.后处理法包括负载法及离子交换法,用于制备含有钴物种的硅铝分子筛;而直接水热法主要用于制备含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛.目前为止,使用水热法合成含钴的分子筛材料的合成及其催化应用至今鲜有研究报导.这主要是由于传统的分子筛合成体系的高碱性环境会导致钴盐的沉淀,导致其无法被引入分子筛.我们通过优化合成条件,利用含氟体系直接水热法将钴引入Beta分子筛,得到含超微氧化亚钴团簇的Beta沸石分子筛.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜及H2程序升温还原等表征手段对合成样品的物理化学性质进行了研究,并与使用浸渍、离子交换得到的含钴Beta沸石及水热合成得到的含钴AlPO-5分子筛的相关性质进行了对比.合成得到的含钴分子筛材料中,钴物种以亚纳米尺度的氧化亚钴颗粒形式存在.我们使用分子氧作为氧源,考察了该含超微氧化亚钴的Beta沸石作为催化剂催化乙苯氧化反应的活性.与浸渍、离子交换制得钴硅分子筛及含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛材料相比,含超微氧化亚钴的Beta分子筛表现出更高的催化活性及对苯乙酮/醛的选择性.     

Silicone glue coated stainless steel wire for solid phase microextraction

A new solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber based on high-temperature silicone glue coated on a stainless steel wire is presented. The fiber coating can be prepared easily in a few minutes, it is mechanically stable and exhibits relatively high thermal stability (up to 260 °C). The extraction properties of the fiber to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were examined using both direct and headspace SPME modes coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The effects of the extraction and desorption parameters including extraction and desorption time, sampling and desorption temperature, and ionic strength on the extraction/desorption efficiency have been studied. For both headspace and direct SPME the calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range from 0.5 μg L⁻¹ to 10 mg L⁻¹ (R² > 0.996) and detection limits ranged from 0.07 to 0.24 μg L⁻¹. Single fiber repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were less than 6.8 and 21.5%, respectively. Finally, headspace SPME was applied to determine BTEX in petrol station waste waters with spiked recoveries in the range of 89.7-105.2%.