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61.
Adam B. Levy 《Mathematical Programming》2007,110(3):615-639
Numerical methods for solving constrained optimization problems need to incorporate the constraints in a manner that satisfies
essentially competing interests; the incorporation needs to be simple enough that the solution method is tractable, yet complex
enough to ensure the validity of the ultimate solution. We introduce a framework for constraint incorporation that identifies
a minimal acceptable level of complexity and defines two basic types of constraint incorporation which (with combinations)
cover nearly all popular numerical methods for constrained optimization, including trust region methods, penalty methods,
barrier methods, penalty-multiplier methods, and sequential quadratic programming methods. The broad application of our framework
relies on addition and chain rules for constraint incorporation which we develop here. 相似文献
62.
本文采用高压X光衍射方法在金刚石对顶压砧中在位地(in situ)研究了Fe68Co24Ni8(wt%)合金在室温下的压致bcc→hcp结构相变和直到40.5 GPa的等温压缩行为。实验结果表明该合金在常压下为bcc结构,晶格常数a0=(0.287 0±0.000 1) nm,体积V0=(7.119±0.007) cm3/mol,密度ρ0=(7.981±0.008) g/cm3;在20.9 GPa附近出现bcc→hcp结构相变,两相共存压力区约10 GPa,在此区域内有晶面间距d(002)hcp=d(110)bcc,且原子平面(002)hcp//(110)bcc,hcp相比bcc相体积减小(0.33±0.02) cm3/mol;高压相hcp结构的晶格参数比值c/a=1.608±0.004;相变后原子配位数的增加使得hcp相(002)平面内及(002)平面间的最近邻原子间距比bcc相最近邻原子间距分别增大约1.6%和0.5%;用Murnaghan状态方程对实验数据进行最小二乘法拟合,得到bcc相B0=(130±13) GPa,B0'=12.6±0.5;hcp相V0=(6.62±0.04) cm3/mol,B0=(243±21) GPa,B0'=6.8±0.3;对于该合金的bcc→fcp相变时的结构转变机制做了详细的讨论。 相似文献
63.
Keka Chakraborty S K Paranjpe V Siruguri O D Jayakumar S K Kulshreshtha 《Pramana》1997,48(6):1115-1122
Neutron diffraction and M?ssbauer measurements have been carried out on the cubic Laves phase intermetallic TbMnFe. The magnetic
moment on the transition metal atom is found to be low, 0.2μ
B, at room temperature. This moment is temperature independent down to 10 K. Magnetic moment on the rare earth atom varies
from 2.5μ
B at 296 K to 7.27μ
B at 10 K. M?ssbauer spectra recorded at 298 K and 78 K have magnetic character but there is a large distribution of hyperfine
field values. Both these features arise due to magnetic frustration created in the sample due to the competing ferro and antiferromagnetic
interactions between the transition metal atoms. 相似文献
64.
The structural phase transition from orthorhombic (T) phase to tetragonal (T′) phase in substituted La2−x
R
x
CuO4 (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) and T′ to T-phase in Pr2−x
M
x
CuO4−y
(M = Sr, Ca) has been studied by X-ray diffraction technique. The T-phase of La2CuO4 is transferred to T′ phase abruptly atx=0.8, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively for substitution of Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd for La in La2CuO4 without evidence of the T* phase. The T′ structure of Pr2CuO4 (x = 0.0) gets transformed to the T* structure at 30% Ca doping (x=0.6) and then to the T structure at 50% Ca doping (x=1.0), while for Sr-contentx=0.0, 0.4 and 1.0 it shows T′, T* and T structure respectively. 相似文献
65.
讨论了横向位移双曝光散斑图维纳谱的信息分布,并由此导出杨氏纹图的一般表达式。讨论了条纹可见度与应变,面内转动,照明光束直径与条纹图图空间坐标的关系,指出了在条纹可见度影响下最大可见条纹数目。还讨论了散斑衬比与衍射晕的关系。 相似文献
66.
In this paper we report the results of a morphological and structural investigation on film properties of a soluble polydiacetylene, the poly[1,6-bis(3,6-dihexadecyl-N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne] (polyDCHD-HS). The red films of this polymer, prepared by standard spin-coating techniques, revealed absence of linear dichroism and birefringence in contrast with the ordered mesophases detected by powder X-ray studies. In order to interpret the optical behavior of this polymer, we performed AFM and SEM studies of polyDCHD-HS films spun on hydrophylic and hydrophobic glass substrates. We found the presence of surfaces organized in rod-like particles, more regularly oriented on the hydrophylic substrate. GIXRD studies, carried out on films sufficiently thick to allow the observation of the diffraction pattern, reveled the presence of a lamellar structure with a spacing of 3.22 nm. The low intensity of the diffraction peaks and the isotropic linear optical properties of the films show that the lamellar mesophases are not extended over large areas. These findings were compared with the data obtained from AFM and SEM studies on films of two other polydiacetylenes, the poly[1-(3,6-dihexadexyl-N-carbazolyl)-6-(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadyine] (polya-DCHD) and the poly[1,6-bis(3,6-dipalmitoyl-N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadyine] (polyDPCHD), spun on hydrophylic glass substrate. The results confirmed the presence of nodular morphologies which seem to be a general characteristic of this class of materials. The particles organization appears instead related to the chemical nature of the substituents on the carbazolyl rings. 相似文献
67.
Y. D. Kolekar S. B. Kulkarni Keka Chakraborty A. Das S. K. Paranjpe P. B. Joshi 《Pramana》2004,63(2):189-197
Nd2Sn2O7 pyrochlores with the substitution of Zr4+ were prepared by conventional ceramic double sintering technique. The single-phase formation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction
and neutron diffraction techniques. Relative intensity calculations for X-ray diffraction analysis were performed for oxygen
positional parametersx = 0.331 and 0.375, while Rietveld refinements were employed for neutron diffraction data. The neutron diffraction study revealed
that there are only two anion sites with 48f and 8b positions. This indicates that the 8a site, i.e. O(3) sublattice, is completely
vacant and the structure is a perfect cubic pyrochlore with space group Fd3m (O
h
7
). From the conductivity measurements, it is observed that the electronic conductivity dominates from room temperature up
to about 525 K and forT > 525 K, the oxygen ion conduction dominates the charge transport in these compositions. Complex impedance spectroscopy indicates
the existence of grain and grain boundary as two separate elements. 相似文献
68.
衍射辐射是由于运动的带电粒子遇到随空间变化的电介质而由感应电流产生的一种辐射. 衍射辐射由于其非阻拦性, 多参数性, 可在线性, 非常适合下一代对撞机和第四代光源的电子束诊断. 简要介绍了其物理机制, 系统的讨论了其在电子束诊断中的应用. 相似文献
69.
70.
对于具有周期单元的分层介质材料高反射区的波长范围,提供一种简明的估计分析方法.基于Floquet定理,分析了有限周期单元分层介质的光子带隙特性,给出分层介质的高反射区波长范围.讨论了分层介质高反射区和周期单元禁带之间的关系.计算表明,高反射区和周期单元禁带的中心波长彼此一致.并且,随着分层介质周期单元数的增多,高反射区的深度和带宽就越接近于周期单元禁带的深度和宽度.最后,讨论周期分层介质的光子带隙特性与入射角及其与极化的变化关系.
关键词:
分层介质
带隙特性
周期单元
高反射区 相似文献