颗粒流体系统的格子Boltzmann数值方法研究进展

介绍Euler-Lagrange框架下基于格子Boltzmann方法 LBM(Lattice Boltzmann Method)发展的两种不同层次（即不同时-空尺度和精度）的颗粒流体系统离散模拟方法,即格子Boltzmann颗粒解析直接数值模拟（LB-based PR-DNS）方法和格子Boltzmann离散颗粒模拟（LB-based DPS）方法,总结了Euler-Euler框架下基于格子Boltzmann双流体模型（LB-based TFM）方面的探索研究。LB-based PR-DNS方法中颗粒尺寸远大于格子步长,能够直接解析出流体在颗粒表面的流动以及颗粒所受完整的动力学信息;LB-based DPS方法中格子步长远大于颗粒直径,其在计算精度、时间耗费和计算效率之间能达到很好的平衡,可获得流体的宏观平均流动及颗粒的运动轨迹信息。LB-based DNS和DPS是探索颗粒流体系统的有力手段,但LB-based TFM应用于模拟颗粒流体系统仍需进一步探索。     

Reliability study of super-ellipsoid DEM in representing the packing structure of blast furnace

In industrial blast furnaces (BFs), the investigations involving the flow behaviors of particles and the resultant burden structure are essential to optimize its operation stability and energy consumption. With the advance of computing capability and mathematical model, the discrete element method (DEM) specialized in characterizing particle behavior has manifested its power in the investigation of BFs. In the framework of DEM, many particle models have been developed, but which model is more suitable for simulating the particle behaviors of BFs remains a question because real particles in BFs have large shape and size dispersity. Among these particle models, the super-ellipsoid model possesses the ability to change shape flexibly. Therefore, the focus of this study is to investigate whether the super-ellipsoid model can meet the requirement of authenticity and accuracy in simulating the behaviors of particles with large shape and size dispersity. To answer this question, a simplified BF charging system composed of a hopper and a storage bin is established. The charging process and the final packing structure are analyzed and compared between experiments and simulations with different shape indexes. The results show that super-ellipsoid particles have prominent advantages over spherical particles in terms of representing the real BF particles, and it can more reasonably reproduce the flow behaviors and packing structure of experimental particles. The computation cost of super-ellipsoid particles is also acceptable for engineering applications. Finally, the micro-scale characteristics of packing structure is analyzed and the single-ring charging process in industry-scale BF using super-ellipsoid particles is conducted.     

Numerical analysis of breaking waves using the moving particle semi-implicit method

The numerical method used in this study is the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, which is based on particles and their interactions. The particle number density is implicitly required to be constant to satisfy incompressibility. A semi-implicit algorithm is used for two-dimensional incompressible non-viscous flow analysis. The particles whose particle number densities are below a set point are considered as on the free surface. Grids are not necessary in any calculation steps. It is estimated that most of computation time is used in generation of the list of neighboring particles in a large problem. An algorithm to enhance the computation speed is proposed. The MPS method is applied to numerical simulation of breaking waves on slopes. Two types of breaking waves, plunging and spilling breakers, are observed in the calculation results. The breaker types are classified by using the minimum angular momentum at the wave front. The surf similarity parameter which separates the types agrees well with references. Breaking waves are also calculated with a passively moving float which is modelled by particles. Artificial friction due to the disturbed motion of particles causes errors in the flow velocity distribution which is shown in comparison with the theoretical solution of a cnoidal wave. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

折板及多面板非线性弯曲分析的样条核质点法

提出了一种研究折板及多面板类结构非线性弯曲行为的样条核质点法.方法包括以下步骤:(1)将折板及多面板结构模拟成不同平面上平板的集合体;(2)基于冯.卡门的大挠度理论,使用一阶剪切变形理论和样条核质点法先分析各平板的几何非线性行为;(3)将经过修正的各板的非线性刚度矩阵叠加得到整个折板结构的非线性刚度矩阵;(4)研究整个结构的几何非线性行为.由于摆脱了网格的束缚,本文方法可以避免网格扭曲引起的网格重构问题.文末通过几个算例将本文方法解与使用壳单元的ANSYS有限元解或已有文献解进行对比,验证了本文方法的收敛性和准确性.     

Robust airfoil optimization based on improved particle swarm optimization method

A robust airfoil optimization platform is constructed based on the modified particle swarm optimization method (i.e., the second-order oscillating particle swarm method), which consists of an efficient optimization algorithm, a precise aerodynamic analysis program, a high accuracy surrogate model, and a classical airfoil parametric method. There are two improvements for the modified particle swarm method compared with the standard particle swarm method. First, the particle velocity is represented by the combination of the particle position and the variation of position, which makes the particle swarm algorithm a second-order precision method with respect to the particle position. Second, for the sake of adding diversity to the swarm and enlarging the parameter searching domain to improve the global convergence performance of the algorithm, an oscillating term is introduced to the update formula of the particle velocity. At last, taking two airfoils as examples, the aerodynamic shapes are optimized on this optimization platform. It is shown from the optimization results that the aerodynamic characteristic of the airfoils is greatly improved in a broad design range.     

Rolling/sliding of a particle on a flat wall in a linear shear flow at finite Re

Recently Lee and Balachandar proposed analytically-based expressions for drag and lift coefficients for a spherical particle moving on a flat wall in a linear shear flow at finite Reynolds number. In order to evaluate the accuracy of these expressions, we have conducted direct numerical simulations of a rolling particle for shear Reynolds number up to 100. We assume that the particle rolls on a horizontal flat wall with a small gap separating the particle from the wall (L = 0.505) and thus avoiding the logarithmic singularity. The influence of the shear Reynolds number and the translational velocity of the particle on the hydrodynamic forces of the particle was investigated under both transient and the final drag-free and torque-free steady state. It is observed that the quasi-steady drag and lift expressions of Lee and Balachandar provide good approximation for the terminal state of the particle motion ranging from perfect sliding to perfect rolling. With regards to transient particle motion in a wall-bounded shear flow it is observed that the above validated quasi-steady drag and lift forces must be supplemented with appropriate wall-corrected added-mass and history forces in order to accurately predict the time-dependent approach to the terminal steady state. Quantitative comparison with the actual particle motion computed in the numerical simulations shows that the theoretical models quite effective in predicting rolling/sliding motion of a particle in a wall-bounded shear flow at moderate Re.     

Development of a multi‐scale ocean model by using particle Laplacian method for anisotropic mass transfer

The direct injection of CO₂ into the deep ocean is one of the feasible ways for the mitigation of the global warming, although there is a concern about its environmental impact near the injection point. To minimize its biological impact, it is necessary to make CO₂ disperse as quickly as possible, and it is said that injection with a pipe towed by a moving ship is effective for this purpose. Because the injection ship moves over a spatial scale of O(10²km), a mesoscale model is necessary to analyse the dispersion of CO₂. At the same time, since it is important to investigate high CO₂ concentration near the injection point, a small‐scale model is also required. Therefore, in this study, a numerical model was developed to analyse CO₂ dispersion in the deep ocean by using a fixed mesoscale and a moving small‐scale grid systems, the latter of which is nested and moves in the former along the trajectory of the moving ship. To overcome the artificial diffusion of mass concentration at the interface of the two different grid systems and to keep its spatial accuracy almost the same as that in the small‐scale, a particle Laplacian method was adopted and newly modified for anisotropic diffusion in the ocean. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A direct‐forcing pressure‐based lattice Boltzmann method for solving fluid–particle interaction problems

A direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB–LBM) is developed to simulate fluid–particle interaction problems. This method uses the pressure‐based LBM to solve the incompressible flow field and the immersed boundary method to handle the fluid–particle interactions. The pressure‐based LBM uses the pressure distribution functions instead of the density distribution functions as the independent dynamic variables. The main idea is to explicitly eliminate the compressible effect due to the density fluctuation. In the IB method, a direct‐forcing method is introduced to capture the particle motion. It directly computes an IB force density at each lattice grid from the differences between the pressure distribution functions obtained by the LBM and the equilibrium pressure distribution functions computed from the particle velocity. By applying this direct‐forcing method, the IB–LBM becomes a purely LBM version. Also, by applying the Gauss theorem, the formulas for computing the force and the torque acting on the particle from the flows are derived from the volume integrals over the particle volume instead of from the surface integrals over the particle surface. The order of accuracy of the IB–LBM is demonstrated on the errors of velocity field, wall stress, and gradients of velocity and pressure. As a demonstration of the efficiency and capabilities of the new method, sedimentation of a large number of spherical particles in an enclosure is simulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.