New calculations to over ten million time steps have revealed a more complex diffusive behavior than previously reported of a point particle on a square and triangular lattice randomly occupied by mirror or rotator scatterers. For the square lattice fully occupied by mirrors where extended closed particle orbits occur, anomalous diffusion was still found. However, for a not fully occupied lattice the superdiffusion, first noticed by Owczarek and Prellberg for a particular concentration, obtains for all concentrations. For the square lattice occupied by rotators and the triangular lattice occupied by mirrors or rotators, an absence of diffusion (trapping) was found for all concentrations, except on critical lines, where anomalous diffusion (extended closed orbits) occurs and hyperscaling holds for all closed orbits withuniversal exponentsdf=7/4 and =15/7. Only one point on these critical lines can be related to a corresponding percolation problem. The questions arise therefore whether the other critical points can be mapped onto a new percolation-like problem and of the dynamical significance of hyperscaling. 相似文献
The technique of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (DRIFT) as an in situ detection method was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs (heroin, cocaine and codeine) separated by thin layer chromatography.It was found that at a given interferometer throughput and detector sensitivity the quality of the spectrum depends strongly in the type of the chromatographic thin layer used. A detection limit of approx. 2 g was attained on a microcrystalline cellulose thin layer with a dynamically aligned Bio-Rad Digilab FTS 60A/896 type interferometer and room temperature DTGS detector. A reliable qualitative analysis can be made with as little as 10 to 15 g drug per spot. 相似文献
We simulate the classical diffusion of a particle of massM in an infinite one-dimensional system of hard point particles of massm in equilibrium. Each computer run corresponds to about 108 collisions of the diffusive particle. We find that (t) 1/t fort large enough, and a crossover from an M m regime where=2 to=3 forM=m. The diffusion constant has a sharp maximum atM=m. We study moments x(t)2 and x(t)4, and examine the behavior ofq2(t)=x(t)4/3x(t)22. We find thatq(t)1 (consistent with a normal distribution) in theM limit (for all timest) and in the t limit for allM.
On sabbatical leave from IVIC-Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas. 相似文献
The probability of first return to the initial intervalx and the diffusion tensorDx are calculated exactly for a ballistic Lorentz gas on a Bethe lattice or Cayley tree. It consists of a moving particle and a fixed array of scatterers, located at the nodes, and the lengths of the intervals between scatterers are determined by a geometric distribution. The same values forx andDx apply also to a regular space lattice with a fraction of sites occupied by a scatterer in the limit of a small concentration of scatterers. If backscattering occurs, the results are very different from the Boltzmann approximation. The theory is applied to different types of lattices and different types of scatterers having rotational or mirror symmetries. 相似文献
Two flow injection analyses (FIA) methods for the determination of diffusion coefficients in a straight single tube FIA system were developed. Based on the analytical solution of the convection-diffusion equation, linear relationships of the logarithmic values of the dispersion coefficient (D) and the half-peak width (W1/2) with the diffusion coefficient (Dm) were obtained. Experiments were designed to verify these methods. For example, for potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) a Dm value of 0.72 × 105cm2s−1 was found versus a literature value of 0.76 × 105cm2s−1 (error, 5%). For potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) a Dm value of 0.67 × 105cm2s−1 was obtained versus a literature value of 0.63 × 105cm2s−1 (error, 6%). The diffusion coefficients of some important biomedical compounds, such as dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and ascorbic acid, were then determined. The values of 105Dm/cm2s−1 are 0.60 ± 0.03, 0.44 ± 0.02, 0.60 ± 0.01 and 0.68 ± 0.06, respectively. 相似文献
A set of seven bituminous coal chars has been characterised by IR spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and elemental analysis. FTIR study provided suitable information to establish differences between coal samples according to their chemical compositions. The reactivity of these samples was also studied and correlated with the coal parameters of mean vitrinite reflectance, fuel ratio and H/C ratio. The data suggest that reactivity as determined can be correlated with the mean vitrinite reflectance, fuel ratio and H/C ratio (0.90). The order of reactivity of samples were; Amasra (S1) (Rm= 0.65)>Azdavay (S4) (Rm=0.99)»Armutcuk (S2) (Rm=0.81)»Acenta (S3) (Rm=0.92)>Ac2l2k (S6) (Rm=1.11) Cay (S5) (Rm=1.03)>Sogutozu (S7) (Rm=2.14). 相似文献
Diffusion, density, and viscosity data are collected for the systems -cyclodextrin and -cyclodextrin in water. Frictional coefficients were computed with the help of literature activity data and a qualitative discussion of their concentration dependence was attempted. 相似文献
Measurements of the major cations Ca and Mg by the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGTs) were systematically evaluated. The concentration in solution was calculated using Fick’s first law of diffusion from the directly measured flux to the DGT device. A selective cation exchange resin (Bio-Rad Chelex®100), which has been used extensively with DGT for trace metals, such as Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+, was used for this work.
Elution of Ca and Mg from the resin with 1 M HNO3 was very reproducible. Measurements of Ca and Mg concentrations in synthetic solutions agreed well with the theoretical predictions. The negative response on uptake caused by lowered pH was investigated. Uptake was found to decline below pH 5. The capacity of the DGT device for Ca and Mg was also investigated to establish maximum deployment times for given concentrations.
Experiments with filtered and modified lake water show that DGT can be used to measure Ca and Mg when trace metals are present in the solution. An in situ deployment of DGT combined with an ultrafiltration study suggest that the Mg concentration measured by DGT is similar to the concentration found in the fraction <1 kDa. 相似文献