Determination of lead in dialysis concentrates using flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS) was used for determination of lead in dialysis concentrates. The parameters such as acidity, concentration of oxidising and reducing agents and argon gas flow rate were investigated to reach the best peak height sensitivity. No significant background signal was observed at high salt concentrations. The detection limit, concentration giving a signal equal to three times standard deviation of the blank signal, was 0.7 ng ml⁻¹ for a 500 μl injection volume. Precision of the measurements at the 20 ng ml⁻¹ level was 3.7% R.S.D. The dialysis concentrates analysed by FI-HGAAS were found to have 10-70 ng ml⁻¹ of lead. The same samples were analysed by ETAAS after removing the matrix using solid phase extraction with Chelex 100. The results were in agreement with those obtained by FI-HGAAS.     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶与茜素氨羧络合剂作用研究

应用UV光谱法研究在pH 4.20的酸性溶液中,枯草杆菌蛋白酶(BSP)与茜素氨羧络合剂(ALC)的相互作用。测得生成的缔合物的最大吸收峰为510 nm,与试剂相比红移85 nm。应用平衡透析法、摩尔比法和双波长法进行测定,结果表明,表观摩尔吸光系数ε_B＝6.68×103 L·mol-1·cm-1,表观结合常数K＝7.25×106 L·mol-1,平均结合数n＝10,与BSP的活性部位基本吻合。研究发现,该反应基本符合Scatchard模型,认为是BSP与ALC之间以电荷力为主、疏水力为辅综合作用的结果。     

Electrochemistry of capillary systems with narrow pores III. Electrical conductivity

The extension of the Teorell–Meyer–Sievers theory of the dialysis potential to a general theory of capillary systems with narrow pores outlined in Part I of this series of publications has been applied to electroosmotic phenomena in Part II. In this Part, the electrical conductivity, including the electrical convection conductivity, will be treated in terms of the new theory. The corresponding equations already referred to in Part I are derived. In addition, results of measurements of the electrical conductivity of collodion membranes with graded porosity and graded electrochemical activity in aqueous KCl solutions of different concentrations are reported. They are used to test the new theory. It will be shown that it is possible to determine the fixed ion concentration A of the membranes by using electrical conductivity data. The theory predicts that the value of A should be identical with the ‘selectivity constant' of the Meyer–Sievers theory of the dialysis potential. This prediction will be checked in Part IV of this series of contributions.     

Electrochemistry of capillary systems with narrow pores V. Streaming potential: Donnan hindrance of electrolyte transport

The electrochemical theory of capillary systems with narrow pores outlined in Part I of this series is applied to the streaming potential and the electrical hindrance of electrolyte transport across ion selective membranes (Donnan hindrance). Both phenomena are related to the fixed ion concentration. Streaming potentials were measured while using collodion membranes of graded porosity and graded fixed ion concentration. The bulk phases consisted of aqueous KCl solutions with a concentration 2×10⁻⁴ n. The streaming potentials were calculated theoretically by using the electrical conductivity data of the membranes given in Part III of this series. The agreement between the experimental results and the predictions of the theory is good. Theory also predicts that a volume flow across the membrane caused by a hydrostatic pressure difference generates a filtration effect the concentration c_s of the electrolyte in the solution leaving the membrane on the low pressure side is lower than the concentration c on the high pressure side. The concentration ratio (c_s/c) is equal to the ratio (κ/κ_i) of the electrical conductivity of the high pressure phase κ and that of the pore fluid κ_i. The hindrance of the electrolyte transport is a transient phenomenon. It disappears slowly if the experiment is continued over a long period of time. This phenomenon, which is of importance in the understanding of ultrafiltration processes using membranes, is discussed in detail. It is compared with the observed changes in the streaming potential as a function of time. The influence of the electrical convection conductivity (electrical surface conductivity) on the streaming potential can be neglected under the chosen experimental conditions. Its influence will be discussed in Part VI of this series.     

关于硒缺乏症,硒与透析的探讨

就硒缺乏症、硒与透析的关系，检查了慢性肾功不全患者血清中的硒，其浓度为９．８±１．９μｇ／ｄＬ，正常人的血清中，硒浓度为１３．７±２．６μｇ／ｄＬ．并对慢性肾功不全的患者进行透析，测定其血清中硒浓度为１０．７±３．１μｇ／ｄＬ．结果表明：慢性肾功不全患者血清中硒浓度低于正常人血清中画浓度，经透析后血清中硒浓度虽有上升，但仍不如正常人，并且随着透析期间的延长血清中硒浓度逐渐下降．     

透析-高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用系统研究无机砷与牛血清白蛋白的结合平衡

采用透析-高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用法研究了生理pH(7.4)条件下As(Ⅲ)或/和As(Ⅴ)与牛血清白蛋白的结合平衡模型. 当As(Ⅲ)浓度[cAs(Ⅲ)∶cBSA≤1∶1]较低时, As(Ⅲ)与BSA的结合符合Scatchard模型, 在BSA中有1.4个强结合部位, 结合常数为1.7×106; 当As(Ⅲ)的浓度[cAs(Ⅲ)∶cBSA≥2∶1]较高时, 符合Plasvento的相分配模型, 没有明显的特征结合点, 而As(Ⅴ)与BSA无任何结合作用. 研究了HCl和KBH4的浓度和流速等对色谱分离的影响, 并对检测器参数等实验条件进行了优化, 使不同价态无机砷在10 min内达到良好的基线分离, As(Ⅲ) 和As(Ⅴ)的检测限分别为2.89和6.38 ng/L.     

Temperature-controlled release of catechol dye in thermosensitive phenylboronate-containing copolymers: A quantitative study

The reversible complex formation between two phenylboronic acid bearing copolymers and the catechol dye Alizarin Red S (ARS) was studied by dialysis experiments coupled with UV-visible spectroscopy. The first copolymer based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) is thermosensitive, whereas the second one based on N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) is not. The investigation resulted in the quantitative determination of the host-guest binding constants at two different temperatures at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer. Above the phase transition temperature Tp of the thermosensitive copolymer, the binding constant decreases by a factor of 6, twice more than in the case of the non-thermosensitive copolymer. This behaviour is related to the coil-to-globule transition of NIPAM-based copolymer, which above Tp expels the dye marker.     

A dynamic continuous-flow dialysis system with on-line electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometric and pH measurements for in-vitro determination of iron bioavailability by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

A dynamic continuous-flow dialysis (CFD) method with on-line electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric (ETAAS) and pH measurements for study of simulated gastrointestinal digestion has been developed for prediction of iron bioavailability. The method used to estimate mineral bioavailability was based on gastric digestion in a batch system then dynamic continuous-flow intestinal digestion. The intestinal digestion was performed in a dialysis bag placed inside a chamber containing a flowing stream of dialyzing solution. Mineral concentration and dialysate pH were monitored by ETAAS and use of a pH meter, respectively. The amount of dialyzed minerals in the intestinal digestion stage was used to evaluate the dialyzability. The dialysis profile and pH change can be used to understand or examine differences between the dialyzability of different food samples. To test the proposed system it was used to estimate the iron dialyzability of different kinds of milk. Iron dialyzability for powdered cow milk, cereal milk, and two brands of soymilk was found to be 1.7, 20.4, 24.9, and 37.7%, respectively. The developed CFD–ETAAS–pH system is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive tool for bioavailability studies, especially for minerals at ultratrace levels.     

Association between benzalkonium chloride and a poly( acrylic acid) gel. Study by microfiltration and membrane dialysis

Interactions between benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and the respective polymers, and the related availability of BAK in the corresponding solution, were studied for aqueous preparations of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The study was performed by means of a crossflow filtration process with an alumina membrane. In the presence of the PAA gel, the rejection rate of BAK is much higher than with HEC or PVA. These results can be explained by the association of the benzalkonium cation BAK⁺ with the negative carboxylate groups or the PAA. This effect, which was confirmed by dialysis experiments, leads to the trapping of BAK⁺ inside the polymer network and could be of interest in the reduction of the harmful effects of BAK observed in the treatment of eye diseases.     

On-line dialysis of organic acids from a Propionibacterium freudenreichii fermentation

The efficiency of an ion exchange system coupled to a bioreactor to extract on-line inhibitory organic acids produced was evaluated. Batch fermentations without dialysis and fed-batch experiments with and without dialysis of Propio nibacterium freudenreichii were conducted. It was possible to keep the propionic acid concentration in the reactor at a low level to avoid complete growth inhibition. Improvements in biomass and propionic acid productivities were achieved when the dialysis system was used. The performance of the dialysis system was improved when a new pH control strategy evaluated in this study was used.