An Efficient Deacidification Process for Safflower Seed Oil with High Nutritional Property through Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology

Safflower seed oil (SSO) is considered to be an excellent edible oil since it contains abundant essential unsaturated fatty acids and lipid concomitants. However, the traditional alkali-refined deacidification process of SSO results in a serious loss of bioactive components of the oil and also yields massive amounts of wastewater. In this study, SSO was first extracted by ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction (UAEE), and the extraction process was optimized using random centroid optimization. By exploring the effects of ethanol concentration, solid–liquid ratio, ultrasonic time, and the number of deacidification times, the optimum conditions for the deacidification of safflower seed oil were obtained as follows: ethanol concentration 100%, solid–liquid ratio 1:4, ultrasonic time 29 min, and number of deacidification cycles (×2). The deacidification rate was 97.13% ± 0.70%, better than alkali-refining (72.16% ± 0.13%). The values of acid, peroxide, anisidine and total oxidation of UAEE-deacidified SSO were significantly lower than those of alkali-deacidified SSO (p < 0.05). The contents of the main lipid concomitants such as tocopherols, polyphenols, and phytosterols in UAEE-decidified SSO were significantly higher than those of the latter (p < 0.05). For instance, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of UAEE-processed SSO was significantly higher than that of alkali refining (p < 0.05). The Pearson bivariate correlation analysis before and after the deacidification process demonstrated that the three main lipid concomitants in SSO were negatively correlated with the index of peroxide, anisidine, and total oxidation values. The purpose of this study was to provide an alternative method for the deacidification of SSO that can effectively remove free fatty acids while maintaining the nutritional characteristics, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of SSO.     

Development of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to Produce Skin-Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Substances from Safflower Seed

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract bioactive substances with skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects from safflower seeds, and the extraction conditions were optimized by a central composite design. The independent variables, including extraction time (5.0~55.0 min), extraction temperature (26.0~94.0 °C), and ethanol concentration (0.0~100%), were optimized to increase tyrosinase activity inhibitory (TAI), collagenase activity inhibitory (CAI), and radical scavenging activity (RSA), which are indicators of skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant effects. An extraction time of 26.4 min, extraction temperature of 52.1 °C, and ethanol concentration of 50.7% were found to be optimum conditions of UAE, under which TAI, CAI, and RSA were 53.3%, 91.5%, and 27.7%, respectively. The extract produced by UAE was analyzed by LC-MS/MS, and maleic acid and levulinic acid were identified as the main substances. Therefore, UAE is evaluated as an effective process to extract skin-whitening, anti-wrinkle, and antioxidant substances from safflower seeds at lower temperatures and shorter extraction times compared to the conventional extraction methods. Overall, safflower seeds extract can be used as a material for value-added cosmetics, including maleic acid and levulinic acid, which have bioactive functions.     

苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯微乳液的合成研究

目前国内外许多专家学者积极研发低污染、低能耗、高性能的胶粘剂,以代替传统的毒性大、成本高、稳定性差的溶剂型胶粘剂[1]。苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯微乳液(苯-丙微乳液)是重要的胶粘剂之一。与常规乳液胶粘剂相比,它具有以下几个特点[2]:(1)是热力学稳定体系,可以自发形成;(2)分子粒     

添加CaSO4·2H2O为晶种制备磷石膏半水硫酸钙晶须

以固体废弃物磷石膏为原料,在传统常压醇水热法的基础上添加CaSO₄·2H₂O为晶种制备半水硫酸钙晶须。采用单因素试验法探究了晶种含量、丙三醇含量和磷石膏质量分数对晶须结构和形貌的影响,确定晶须的最佳制备工艺条件。采用SEM和XRD对样品进行表征分析,实验结果表明:添加CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种制备晶须的长径比(49.29)比只添加丙三醇的样品的长径比(30.99)提高了近60%;当丙三醇与水的体积比(V)为1、晶种含量为1%、磷石膏质量分数为5%时制备的晶须的平均直径为0.65 μm,长径比达到了62.15,晶须的尺寸均匀。这说明添加1%CaSO₄·2H₂O晶种、V为1的丙三醇和质量分数为5%的磷石膏在常压下能制备出高长径比和尺寸均匀的半水硫酸钙晶须。     

Synthesis of Au nanorods via autocatalytic growth of Au seeds formed by sonochemical reduction of Au(I): Relation between formation rate and characteristic of Au nanorods

The sonochemical formation of Au seeds and their autocatalytic growth to Au nanorods were investigated in a one-pot as a function of concentration of HAuCl₄, AgNO₃, and ascorbic acid (AA). The effects of ultrasonic power and irradiation time were also investigated. In addition, the formation rate of Au nanorods was analyzed by monitoring the extinction at 400 nm by UV–Vis spectroscopy and compared with the growth behavior of Au seeds to nanorods. Most of the reaction conditions affected the yield, size, and shape of Au nanorods formed. It was confirmed that the concentration balance between HAuCl₄ and AA was important to proceed the formation of Au seeds and nanorods effectively. The formation rate became faster with increasing AA concentration and dog-bone shaped nanorods were formed at high AA concentration. It was also confirmed a unique phenomenon that the shape of Au nanorods changed even after the completion of the reduction of Au(I) in the case of short-time ultrasonic irradiation for Au seed formation.     

Seed priming with cold plasma improved seedling performance,secondary metabolism,and expression of deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase gene in Catharanthus roseus

The plasma-primed seeds of Catharanthus roseus were cultured in a hormone-free culture medium under sterile conditions. Plasma of 30 or 60 s improved root length (mean = 41.4%) and biomass (mean = 47%), whereas plasma of 90 s delayed plant growth. The plasma treatments enhanced concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and soluble phenols. Plasma of 90 s increased the proline level. With a similar trend, plasma priming induced activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase (about twofold) and peroxidase (31%) enzymes. Plasma also upregulated the expressions of deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase gene by an average of 7.8 times. Similarly, the plasma-treated seedlings contained higher concentrations of alkaloids (mean = 72%). Here, molecular evidence is provided on the plasma-associated modifications in secondary metabolism.     

SB粉水热种分过饱和铝酸钠溶液制备拟薄水铝石

A novel hydrothermal process for preparation of single-phase pseudoboehmite from supersaturated sodium aluminate solution with SB pseudoboehmite seed was presented. The process is characterized by precipitation for 3 h at temperature around 125 ℃ with a seed ratio of 1.0. Precipitation yield of Al₂O₃ over 20% could be reached and the specific surface area of precipitated products almost as high as SB seed could be obtained. The process suitable for preparing pseudoboehmite with any pseudoboehmite seed in principle comprises a highly variation of the current Bayer process and the latest boehmite process for the production of smelter grade alumina.     

栀子油脂中脂肪酸的GC/MS分析

本文介绍了栀子油脂中脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用分析方法。栀子油脂中脂肪酸组成较为简单,主要以软脂酸(38.0%)和亚油酸(53.4%)为主,营养价值高,具有开发利用的价值。     

Some theoretical aspects on morphology development in seeded composite latexes. I. Batch conditions below monomer saturation

In seeded emulsion polymerization, during the second stage, new interfaces appear and the surface area changes. A thermodynamic equilibrium approach is presented which predicts particle morphology of a whole range of non-spherical particles upon polymer conversion. Simulation takes into account swelling ratio, molar volumes and interfacial tension. As the particle geometry is complex, a new mathematical procedure is detailed.The computed data are useful to discuss either the stability or the instability of the particles morphology. These results must be compared with actual experimental structures.Abreviations and symbols G Gibbs' free energy - reduced Gibbs' free energy - _i interfacial tension - ₁₂ interfacial tension between polymer 1 and polymer 2 - _1w interfacial tension between polymer 1 and water - _2w interfacial tension between polymer 2 and water - r ₁ polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 sphere radius - r ₂ polymer 2 swollen by monomer 2 sphere radius - r _i interfacial radius - h ₁ sphere 1 distance to minimal section - h ₂ sphere 2 distance to minimal section - h _i interfacial sphere distance to minimal section - sign ofh _i, positive when the interface sphere is on the side of the sphere 2, negative when the interface sphere is on the side of the sphere 1 - A ₁₂ surface between polymer 1 and polymer 2 - A _1w surface between polymer 1 and water - A _1w ⁰ surface between polymer 1 and water before polymerization - A _2w surface between polymer 2 and water - v ₁ volume of the polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 - v _i volume of the polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 before polymerization - v ₂ volume of the polymer 2 swollen by monomer 2 - V _p1 polymer 1 molar volume - V _p2 polymer 2 molar volume - V _m2 monomer 2 molar volume - n _p2 polymer 2 number of mole - n _p1 polymer 1 number of moles - n _m21 monomer 2 number of mole in the swollen polymer 1 - n _m22 monomer 2 number of mole in the swollen polymer 2 - n _m2 monomer 2 total number of mole - n _m2 monomer 2 number of mole before polymerization - TGn ₁ polymer 1 swelling rate - TGn ₂ polymer 2 swelling rate - TGn _i maximum number of mole of monomer 2 in polymeri by mole of polymeri - x polymer 2 conversion rate - K, p, q mathematical variables - D, r, a mathematical variables     

基于ZIF-8/PAN复合薄膜的柔性丙酮气体传感器

ZIF-8是一种Zn基金属有机骨架材料, 可以吸附丙酮气体从而作为电容式丙酮传感器的气敏材料, 然而ZIF-8的传统使用形式为粉末态, 这导致其不能成为具备柔性的整体, 从而限制了传感器的柔性. 结合包埋种子和二次生长法将ZIF-8与纳米纤维结合成纤维型柔性材料, 并将其作为气敏层制备了柔性电容式丙酮气体传感器. 该传感器在9种常见挥发性有机化合物中表现出良好的选择性, 对250~2000 cm³/m³的丙酮气体具有灵敏的响应、良好的循环响应及长期稳定性. 值得注意的是该柔性传感器不仅在室温下进行传感, 而且在弯折180°的状态下对丙酮气体的响应值与不弯折(0°)状态下几乎一致, 在200次以内的180°弯折-恢复后同样表现出了传感性能的稳定, 表明了其在柔性传感器方面的潜力.