Speciation and detection of arsenic in aqueous samples: A review of recent progress in non-atomic spectrometric methods

Inorganic arsenic (As) displays extreme toxicity and is a class A human carcinogen. It is of interest to both analytical chemists and environmental scientists. Facile and sensitive determination of As and knowledge of the speciation of forms of As in aqueous samples are vitally important. Nearly every nation has relevant official regulations on permissible limits of drinking water As content. The size of the literature on As is therefore formidable. The heart of this review consists of two tables: one is a compilation of principal official documents and major review articles, including the toxicology and chemistry of As. This includes comprehensive official compendia on As speciation, sample treatment, recommended procedures for the determination of As in specific sample matrices with specific analytical instrument(s), procedures for multi-element (including As) speciation and analysis, and prior comprehensive reviews on arsenic analysis. The second table focuses on the recent literature (2005–2013, the coverage for 2013 is incomplete) on As measurement in aqueous matrices. Recent As speciation and analysis methods based on spectrometric and electrochemical methods, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and biosensors are summarized. We have deliberately excluded atomic optical spectrometric techniques (atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) not because they are not important (in fact the majority of arsenic determinations are possibly carried out by one of these techniques) but because these methods are sufficiently mature and little meaningful innovation has been made beyond what is in the officially prescribed compendia (which are included) and recent reviews are available.     

Photon-induced reactions of No adsorbed on GaAs(110)

The interaction of cw laser radiation with NO adsorbed on GaAs(110) at 90 K has been studied over a wide range of wavelengths from 457 to 900 nm by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), and laser induced desorption spectroscopy (LIDS). Adsorption of molecular NO is observed. By varying the incident laser power, it is found that desorption and dissociation of molecular NO are induced by a nonthermal process. By measuring the time profile and the power and wavelength dependence of the desorption signal, the observed desorption and dissociation of NO are attributed to interactions of the adsorbed NO with the photogenerated carriers which migrate to the surface.     

基于去相关拉伸光谱增强的H J-1影像水体信息提取方法研究

当今人类面临着一系列全球性问题,自然灾害是其中之一,而做好防灾减灾工作的重要前提就是做好对灾害的监测.本文利用H J-1星2009年台风“莫拉克”前后多时相影像,首先进行辐射定标和影像配准,然后进行去相关拉伸(decorrelation stretch,DS)光谱增强,再采用最大似然分类法(Maximum likeli...     

Chiral separation of agricultural fungicides

Fungicides are very important and diverse environmental and agricultural concern species. Their determination in commercial formulations or environmental matrices, requires highly efficient, selective and sensitive methods. A significant number of these chemicals are chiral with the activity residing usually in one of the enantiomers. The different toxicological and degradation behavior observed in many cases for fungicide enantiomers, results in the need to investigate them separately. For this purpose, separation techniques such as GC, HPLC, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and CE have widely been employed although, at present, HPLC still dominates chromatographic chiral analysis of fungicides. This review covers the literature concerning the enantiomeric separation of fungicides usually employed in agriculture grouping the chiral separation methodologies developed for their analysis in environmental, biological, and food samples.     

无线交通灯远程监控系统设计与实现

以STC89C52作为系统控制器,远程PC机作为上位机,使用GTM900C作为系统的GPRS模块完成数据的无线传输;用户可通过手机短信获取远程数据,也可通过PC机上的监控界面获取数据和交通灯当前信息;系统实现了数据的稳定传输,准确显示,实时性强,为偏远地区的交通灯检修维护提供了一种方便的途径,具有很强的实用价值。     

Cold trapping of volatile organic compounds on fused silica capillary columns

A 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, fused silica capillary column at temperatures from –60 to –100°C has been shown to be a quantitative trap for organic compounds with volatilities ranging from that of 1, 1 -dichloroethene that of chlorobenzene. This type of “whole column cryotrapping” provided sharp peaks (peak width approximately 4–7 seconds) for all compounds at a trapping temperature of –80°C and with high carrier gas pressures and linear velocities (30 psi and 110 cm/s, respectively). Whole column cryotrapping possesses great simplicity, chromatographic efficiency (no trapping loop connections), and a built-in indicator of quality assurance for trapping efficiency (i.e., peak shape). These advantages are extremely attractive and are indicative of the fact that the potential of this approach has not yet been fully appreciated.     

Syntheses and characterizations of allyl cellulose and glycidyl cellulose

Allyl cellulose was synthesized by reacting cellulose with allyl bromide in homogeneous LiCl/DMAc solution containing NaOH powder. The degree of substitution (DS) per anhydroglucose (AHG) unit was determined by titrating the allyl cellulose with bromine in chloroform solution, and an allyl DS of 2.80 was found. Glycidyl cellulose was then prepared by reacting this allyl cellulose with peracetic acid in methylene chloride at ambient temperature for 6 days. The measured reaction rate constant was 1.33 × 10^?3 min^?1. The glycidyl cellulose thus obtained with a glycidyl DS of 2.58 was determined by titrating the product with perchloric acid in conjunction with tetrabutylammonium iodide. The 2.58 of glycidyl DS was also confirmed by ¹H-NMR integration. Both allyl cellulose and glycidyl cellulose were analyzed and characterized with FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, TGA, and GPC. During epoxidation of allyl cellulose, possible side reaction leading to ester formation was evidenced from the continuous increase of v_{C? O} at 1735 cm^?1 in FTIR analyses. In addition, a bimodal distribution and a decreased molecular weight for glycidyl cellulose were found from GPC data, which might suggest a possible chain scission at the cellulosic ether linkage. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Physical and material aspects in using visible laser pulses of nanosecond duration for ablation

Interaction phenomena of 50 ns copper vapour laser pulses ( = 511/578 nm) with matter are investigated. The basic ablation process is classified into four fundamental classes. On basis of this classification processing results are connected with specific material properties like the brittleness, the viscosity of the melt or the optical properties. Knowing these properties a prognosis of the expected fundamental process is possible. In order to generate a geometrically defined structure via ablation in a given material-specific process, strategies have to be developed. Typical examples for process strategies are given.     

1-wire测温技术皮纳卫星星载应用研究

随着皮纳卫星功能的增加以及集成化的提升,传统热敏电阻测温方法,由于其电缆走线复杂,所需电缆数量非常多的缺点,不利于皮纳卫星的集成化。本文引入了一种基于1-Wire总线的测温方法。针对空间应用的特点,分析了1-wire测温技术及其特性;通过试验,对1-wire测温芯片DS18B20进行了空间环境适应性分析,并得出了相应的结论;给出了1-wire测温技术卫星上应用的设计思路,并针对卫星可靠性要求高的特点,介绍了软硬件的故障处理方法,最后进行了在轨验证。该技术很大程度上减轻了卫星测温电缆的重量,提高了皮纳卫星的集成度,具有推广应用的前景。