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81.
Meriles CA 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2005,176(2):207-214
Nuclear magnetic resonance is arguably one of the most powerful techniques available today to characterize diverse systems. However, the low sensitivity of the standard detection method constrains the applicability of this technique to samples having effective dimensions not less than a few microns. Here, we propose a novel scheme and device for the indirect detection of the nuclear spin signal at a submicroscopic scale. This approach--for which the name Dipolar Field Microscopy is suggested--is based on the manipulation of the long-range nuclear dipolar interaction created between the sample and a semiconductor tip located close to its surface. After a preparation interval, the local magnetization of the sample is used to modulate the nuclear magnetization in the semiconductor tip, which, in turn is determined by an optical inspection. Based on results previously reported, it is shown that, in principle, images and/or localized high-resolution spectra of the sample can be retrieved with spatial resolution proportional to the size of the tip. 相似文献
82.
Lang J Sloop DJ Lin TS 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2005,176(2):4731-256
We report a new technique to map the orientational anisotropy of paramagnetic systems without physically changing the crystal orientations in near zero-field (NZF) pulsed EPR experiments. By implementing three sets of orthogonal coils around the sample, we are ble to create a magnetic vector up to 2 mT in any three-dimensional orientation in space. In NZF region, the hyperfine tensor elements are comparable to the electronic Zeeman interaction energy, thus very rich spectral patterns can be obtained by "dialing" in a magnetic field vector without moving the sample. The technique further allows us to examine the site symmetry of organic crystals and powdered solids doped with chromophores which can be photo-excited to the triplet state by laser light. The technique is exemplified in the study of pentacene in p-terphenyl crystals. 相似文献
83.
A pulse sequence producing a second stimulated echo is suggested for the compensation of relaxation and residual dipolar interaction effects in steady gradient spin echo diffusometry. Steady field gradients of considerable strength exist in the fringe field of NMR magnets, for instance. While the absolute echo time of the second stimulated echo is kept constant throughout the experiment, the interval between the first two radiofrequency pulses is augmented leading to a modulation of the amplitude of that second stimulated echo by self-diffusion only. The unique feature of this technique is that it is of a single-scan/single-echo-signal nature. That is, no reference signals neither of the same pulse sequence nor of separate experiments are needed. The new method was tested with poly(ethylene oxide) melts and proved to provide reliable data for (time dependent) self-diffusion coefficients down to the physical limit (D approximately 10(-15)m(2)/s) when flip-flop spin diffusion starts to become effective. 相似文献
84.
Diffusion of dysprosium on the (1 1 1) facet of a tungsten micromonocrystal was investigated by means of spectral analysis of field emission current fluctuations. The experimental spectral density functions of the current fluctuations were analysed by using Gesley and Swanson’s theoretical spectral density function, which enables to determine the surface diffusion coefficient D for dysprosium. Derived from the temperature dependence of D, the diffusion activation energy E is presented for some Dy coverages θ(1 1 1). In the temperature range 400–600 K, the E first drops from 1.25 eV per atom at θ(111)≈0.25 ML to 0.48 eV per atom at θ(111)≈1 ML (corresponding to the minimum of the work function of the system), then increases to 1.03 eV per atom at θ(111)≈1.3 ML. The results are discussed from the aspects of the substrate structure and interaction in the adsorbed layer. 相似文献
85.
There are various methods to evaluate voice parameters. Original software was used to assess the voice quality by the staff of AUDIO-Fon centr Brno, Czech Republic. A group of hereditary deaf persons was examined. Deaf persons have all of the biological conditions to make voice except for the possibility of acoustic feedback. We examined the voices of 35 persons (20 men and 15 women) with hereditary profound hearing impairments, and we compared voice parameters with the voice of intact persons. To measure we used special software called voice field measurements (VFMs). The program graphically records voice frequency and intensity. VFM is an objective method that enables the assessment of basic physical voice characteristics. It is suitable for the examination of both intact and disturbed voice. The voice of the deaf has a higher basic voice frequency in men as well as in women. This type of voice production, ie, childlike voice, which is fixed only by a motor stereotype, is much more demanding for a mature larynx. Hearing influences both the voice development and speech production. The voice of persons with hearing impairments has a higher basic voice frequency regardless of their sex. This type of voice production, which is fixed only by a motor stereotype, ie, child voice, is much more demanding for a larynx of an adult. Thus, phonation of deaf people is more demanding and their voice production needs greater effort. Deaf people, despite an intact phonic apparatus, cannot produce more than one type of voice. They cannot modulate their voices concerning the frequency and dynamics. They cannot change their voices continually. The voice is limited in both of these parameters (frequency and dynamics). If a deaf person wants to change a voice characteristic, it is possible only by discontinuous changes-"skipping." 相似文献
86.
Dikshitulu K. Kalluri Joo Hwa Lee Monzurul M. Ehsan 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》2003,24(3):349-365
This paper deals with the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation of interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a switched plasma slab. In formulating the simulation the well-known concepts of (a) total-field/scattered-field formulation (b) and PML lattice truncation are adapted to suit the simulation under consideration.FDTD is particularly well suited to handle the switched (time-varying) medium (including sudden switching) since the time varying parameters of the medium can be easily interpreted in the algorithm. The technique is applied to the difficult problem of interaction of an electromagnetic pulse source wave of frequency 0 and a gaussian envelope with a newly created plasma slab of time-varying and space varying electron density profile. The creation of a pulse of Wiggler magnetic field in the slab is illustrated. 相似文献
87.
在原单脉冲直线感应加速器(LIA)组元的基础上,利用电缆延时和电缆反射两种方式获得了间隔500~1 000 ns的猝发双脉冲输出。在感应加速腔上进行了双脉冲实验,获得了幅度大于200 kV、前沿小于35 ns、平顶大于60 ns的双脉冲加速电压波形。两种方式中第一个脉冲的前沿和幅度都达到了原单脉冲组元的水平,表明加速腔负载的变化对波形没有明显影响,但由于电缆对波形的损耗,第二个脉冲的幅度和前沿比第一个脉冲略差。可以利用水介质传输线来代替长电缆,减小传输线的长度及其对波形的损耗。两个脉冲间的幅度差异可以通过改变长电缆的阻抗来调节。实验表明,通过这两种猝发双脉冲的产生方式并结合加速腔磁芯的改进,可简单高效地完成原单脉冲LIA的双脉冲改造。 相似文献
88.
采用多晶LaB6材料制成平板二极管阴极,阳极采用钼材料,阴极采用热传导与热辐射加热,加热体为石墨。实验研究了不同阴极温度、不同真空度下的脉冲发射特性,并对热发射稳定性进行了分析。结果表明: 在动态真空系统中, 阴极发射面积为0.012 1 cm2, 工作真空度为2×10-4 Pa, 阴极温度分别为1 600, 1 650和1 700 ℃,在脉冲宽度为40 ms、重复频率为107 Hz的条件下,最大脉冲发射电流密度分别为34.0,44.0和53.8 A/cm2; 2×10-4,5×10-4和2×10-3 Pa压强下的发射能力没有明显的差异;脉冲宽度的变化不影响发射电流密度的变化。 相似文献
89.
Hongbin Zhang 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》2007,28(9):713-723
A spatially independent model of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is derived by integrating the spatially
dependent rate equations over the cross section of the cavity of a VCSEL. The angular and radial non-uniformities of the injection
current are taken into account. The well-known LP modes of a weakly-guiding cylindrical waveguide are employed to describe
the transverse modal structure in the VCSEL cavity. This model is solved in a self-consistent way by using the 4th order Runge-Kutta
method. The dependence of transverse mode competition on the current intensity, the angular and radial non-uniformities of
the injection current, and the geometrical parameters of the electrical contact are thoroughly investigated and analyzed.
The results are useful to the optimum design of the optical transverse modal structure of VCSELs. 相似文献
90.
Here, the Panel seemingly unrelated regressions augmented Dickey-Fuller test (SURADF) test, first introduced and advanced by Breuer et al. [Misleading inferences from panel unit-root tests with an illustration from purchasing power parity, Rev. Int. Econ. 9(3) (2001) 482-493], is used to investigate the mean-reverting behavior of the current account of 48 African countries during the 1980-2004 periods. The empirical results from numerous panel-based unit root tests, conducted earlier, indicated that the current account of each of these countries is stationary; however, when Breuer et al.'s (2001) Panel SURADF test is conducted, it is found that a unit root exists in the current account of 11 of the countries studied. These results have one extremely important policy implication for the 48 African countries studied: the current account deficit of most is sustainable, and thus signifying that those nations should have no incentive to default on their international debt. 相似文献