Containerless rapid solidification of undercooled Cu-Co peritectic alloys

Droplets of Co-16%Cu and Co-71.6%Cu peritectic alloys were solidified during containerless processing in a 3_m drop tube. The microstructures of Co-16%Cu alloy droplets were characterized by dendritic or equiaxed α-Co phase with a small amount of Cu-rich solid solution distributed on α-Co phase boundaries. Two thresholds of droplet diameter were observed for Co-16%Cu alloy at which "equiaxed-dendritic-equiaxed" morphological transitions occur to primary α-Co phase. This conspicuous refinement of primary α-Co grains results from the fragmentation of α-Co dendrites caused by recalescence effect. For Co-71.6%Cu alloy, the primary α-Co phase forms as coarse columnar dendrites in large droplets and equiaxed dendrites in small droplets. Theoretical calculations indicate that Marangoni migration contributes more to the growth of disperse Co-rich spheres by stimulating collision and coalescence than Stokes motion caused by the residual gravity in the falling Co-71.6%Cu alloy droplets.     

Preparation and properties of electroless Ni-P-SiO2 composite coatings

Dispersible SiO₂ nanoparticles were co-deposited with electroless Ni-P coating onto AISI-1045 steel substrates in the absence of any surfactants in plating bath. The resulting Ni-P/nano-SiO₂ composite coatings were heat-treated for 1 h at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The hardness and wear resistance of the heat-treated composite coatings were measured. Moreover, the structural changes of the composite coatings before and after heat treatment were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), while their elemental composition and morphology were analyzed using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that co-deposited SiO₂ particles contributed to increase the hardness and wear resistance of electroless Ni-P coating, and the composite coating heat-treated at about 400 °C had the maximum hardness and wear resistance.     

Study of a magnetic alloy-loaded cavity for compact synchrotrons

Magnetic alloy(MA)-loaded cavities have been widely used in compact proton and heavy-ion synchrotrons,and the MA core is the key issue in their development.Chinese-produced MA has never yet been adopted as core material for an MA-loaded cavity.To use Chinese-produced MA as the core material,it is necessary to study its properties,and compare with MA material produced elsewhere.In this paper,the properties of several MA cores made of Chinese-produced material are measured.Based on the measured results,a schematic design is produced for a cavity which could obtain 1 kV gap voltage with less than 1.5 kW power dissipation in the frequency range of0.5-7 MHz.The difference between resonant frequencies obtained from simulation and analytical results is less than10%.     

高择优锌-镍合金电沉积的现场ECSTM研究

采用"二步包封"法制备了性能良好的电化学STM针尖.以此为基础采用ECSTM现场研究了工艺条件下HOPG上高择优锌-镍合金的电沉积过程.研究结果表明这种高择优沉积层以侧向生长方式生长,而表面上电化学活性差的晶面构成了晶体生长过程的保留面,从而进一步形成了与基底表面方向一致的高择优沉积层,X射线研究表明这一择优面为(100)晶面.     

Determination of Labile Iron at Low nmol L−1 Levels in Estuarine and Coastal Waters by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

A new method is presented for the determination of electrochemically labile iron in estuarine and coastal seawater. The method is based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a rotating silver‐alloy disk electrode. The voltammetric parameters include a plating potential of ?1.5 V and an activation potential of ?5 V for 10s; the seawater is at the original sample pH. The main finding is the presence of a peak for low nmol L^?1 levels of iron at ?0.55 V ascribed to elemental iron deposited on the bare silver alloy electrode. The peak increased linearly with the iron concentration between <1 and 14 nmol L^?1 using a 900 s plating time. At higher concentrations an additional iron peak appeared at ?0.7 V which was also found to increase linearly with the iron concentration but at a higher concentration range from ca. 15 to 90 nmol L^?1 using a 300 s plating time. The second peak was ascribed to iron deposited on iron. Additions of chelating agents (EDTA and a siderophore) to seawater caused the iron peak to be masked indicating that this method is suitable for iron speciation as only the electrochemically labile fraction is determined. The detection limit was 0.3 nmol L^?1 using a 900 s plating time. The method was used to determine iron in the range of 5 to 50 nmol L^?1 in samples from the Mersey estuary near Liverpool and its potential use for in situ monitoring was demonstrated by using it to monitor labile iron (at 2–3 nmol L^?1) over a period of 4 days at 1 h intervals in coastal waters in the Trondheim fjord, Norway.     

Electrochemical polarisation and galvanic couple behaviour of the primary phase of 55% Al–Zn coating investigated using band microelectrodes (BME) and band microelectrode arrays

Electrochemical polarisation experiments have shown that anodic dissolution processes on Al–40% Zn alloys are significantly enhanced in chloride compared to sulfate-based electrolytes. The aluminium content of the alloys allowed passive behaviour to be observed in sulfate electrolyte even in the presence of zinc-rich precipitates on the surface. Electrolyte pH affected cathodic processes, which was attributed to the rate of proton reduction and the passivity of the surface. Monitoring the OCP of the alloy band during polarisation of neighbouring zinc electrodes in band microelectrode (BME) arrays showed that generation of alkaline pH at the zinc electrodes affected the OCP of the alloy when the inter-electrode spacing was 10, 50, and 200 μm. Where elements of a BME array were close enough to interact via mass transport, the overall galvanic behaviour of the cell was found to be anodic or cathodic, whereas the alloy was consistently cathodic with respect to zinc in galvanic cells at larger separations. Dedicated to the 80th birthday of Keith B. Oldham.     

Electrocatalysis of Nitrate Reduction at Copper‐Nickel Alloy Electrodes in Acidic Media

The cathodic reduction of NO in 1.0 M HClO₄ is investigated by voltammetry at pure Ni and Cu electrodes, and three Cu‐Ni alloy electrodes of varying composition, all configured as rotated disks. Voltammetric data obtained using these hydrodynamic electrodes demonstrate significantly improved activity for NO reduction at Cu‐Ni alloy electrodes as compared to the pure Ni and Cu electrodes. This observation is explained on the basis of the synergistic benefit of different surface sites for adsorption of H‐atoms, generated by cathodic discharge of H⁺ at Ni‐sites, and adsorption of NO at Cu‐sites on these binary alloy electrodes. Koutecky‐Levich plots indicate that the cathodic response for NO at a Cu₇₅Ni₂₅ electrode corresponds to an 8‐electron reduction, which is consistent with production of NH₃. In comparison, the cathodic response at Cu₅₀Ni₅₀ and Cu₂₅Ni₇₅ electrodes corresponds to a 6‐electron reduction, which is consistent with production of NH₂OH. Flow injection data obtained using Cu₅₀Ni₅₀ and Cu₂₅Ni₇₅ electrodes with 100‐μL injections exhibit detection limits for NO of ca. 0.95 μM (ca. 95 pmol) and 0.60 μM (ca. 60 pmol), respectively.     

中间相Si-Cu合金作为锂离子电池负极材料的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理平面波赝势法,对中间相Si-Cu合金作为锂离子电池负极材料的嵌脱锂机理进行研究.结果表明,4个Si-Cu合金相中Si0.125Cu0.875合金相具有最低的体积膨胀系数及最低的嵌锂电位,导电性在4个合金相中排第二位,具有最佳的电化学综合性能.     

EXAFS研究Ni-B和Ni-Ce-B超细非晶态合金的退火晶化

采用同步辐射EXAFS技术定量地研究化学还原法制备的Ni-B和Ni-Ce-B超细非晶态合金中Ni原子的局域环境结构随退火温度升高而产生的变化,结果表明,对于Ni-B和Ni-Ce-B超细非晶态合金初始样品：Ni-Ni最邻近配位壳层的平均键长RNi-Ni、配位数N、热无序σT、结构无序σs分别为0．275nm,11.9.0.0069nm,0.034nm;0.276nm,12.4,0.0067nm,0.035nm,Ni-B最邻近配位壳层的RNi-B,N, σT,σs分别为0．215nm,2.7,0.0055nm,0.0048nm;0.214nm,2.0,0.0058nm,0.0042nm,Ni-Ni配位的σs很大,是其σT的4－5倍,比Ni－B配位的σs大近一个数量级,在300℃退火后,Ni－B样品开始发生晶化生成晶态Ni3B,其RNi-Ni和σs分别为0．254nm和0．011nm,σs降低近2倍;而．3％原子比的Ce掺入后使Ni-Ce-B超细非晶态合金的晶化温度升高100℃左右。在500℃退火后,Ni－B样品的结构参数与Ni箔的相近,但Ni-Ce-B样品中的Ni-Ni配位的σs仍为0．0073nm,Ni-B配位的N为1．2,表明稀土元素Ce（以CeO2)显著增强了Ni与B的相互作用,且同时使退火晶化成的Ni晶结构产生畸变。     

Ni-B和Ni-Ce-B超细非晶态合金的退火晶化及其催化性能

 采用XAFS,XRD和DTA方法研究了Ni－B和Ni－Ce－B超细非晶态合金在退火过程中的结构变化及其结构与催化性能的关系．活性结果表明,在退火温度为623K时,Ni－B和Ni－Ce－B样品的苯加氢催化反应转化率最高,分别为63％和81％,0．3％Ce的掺入提高了Ni－Ce－B的催化活性．DTA结果表明,Ni－B超细非晶态合金在598和653K有两个晶化峰,而Ni－Ce－B样品有548,603,696和801K四个晶化峰．XAFS和XRD结果进一步说明,在573K退火时,Ni－B样品晶化生成晶态Ni3B和纳米晶Ni,此时Ni－Ce－B仅有少量晶态Ni3B生成．在673K退火时,Ni－B样品中的Ni3B开始分解生成晶态Ni,同时纳米晶Ni聚集并形成大颗粒晶态Ni,而Ni－Ce－B样品晶化生成晶态Ni3B和纳米晶Ni．在773K和更高的温度退火处理后,Ni－B样品中Ni的局域环境结构与金属Ni箔基本一致,但Ni－Ce－B样品晶化生成的Ni晶格有较大畸变,同时Ni3B并未分解．说明0．3％的Ce对提高Ni－Ce－B样品的稳定性有显著作用．本文首次报道了Ni－B和Ni－Ce－B超细非晶态合金中苯加氢催化活性中心为纳米晶Ni和类似于金属Ni的Ni－B非晶态合金．