Mechanistic modeling of destratification in cryogenic storage tanks using ultrasonics

Stratification is one of the main causes for vaporization of cryogens and increase of tank pressure during cryogenic storage. This leads subsequent problems such as cavitation in cryo-pumps, reduced length of storage time. Hence, it is vital to prevent stratification to improve the cost efficiency of storage systems. If stratified layers exist inside the tank, they have to be removed by suitable methods without venting the vapor. Sonication is one such method capable of keeping fluid layers mixed. In the present work, a mechanistic model for ultrasonic destratification is proposed and validated with destratification experiments done in water. Then, the same model is used to predict the destratification characteristics of cryogenic liquids such as liquid nitrogen (LN₂), liquid hydrogen (LH₂) and liquid ammonia (LNH₃). The destratification parameters are analysed for different frequencies of ultrasound and storage pressures by considering continuous and pulsed modes of ultrasonic operation. From the results, it is determined that use of high frequency ultrasound (low-power/continuous; high-power/pulsing) or low frequency ultrasound (continuous operation with moderate power) can both be effective in removing stratification.     

低温输送系统的CO_2冷凝真空绝热方案研究

采用在真空夹层中充注纯度不高的一般工业用 CO2 的方法 ,来研究不同充注压力及不同绝热层材料下低温输送管路中的 CO2 冷凝真空绝热问题 ;分析了 CO2 纯度对绝热层真空度的影响。测量并计算了管路内充满液氮后真空绝热层的真空度、真空绝热层外壁壁温和绝热层的表观导热率。结果表明 ,在低真空绝热夹层中充注工业用 CO2 后 ,得到的真空绝热层绝热效果良好 ,能够满足一般的低温输送管路需求。     

非对称型IGBT的低温特性研究

研究表明，半导体材料在低温环境下性能可以得到很大改善．功率MOSFET低温下的优异特性已被深入揭示．本文研究了NPT型IGBT在77～300K之间的特性，实验表明，低温下NPT型IGBT的通态压降。开关损耗都有明显下降，关断拖尾现象也得到明显改善。而门槛电压略有上升．在此基础上。分析了其低温特性的物理机制以及在超导领域的潜在应用．     

Thermal Modelling and Characterisation of Semiconductor Bolometers

A revised version of the Griffin & Holland ideal semiconductor bolometer model is presented and its use in determining bolometer properties and parameters from experimental load curve measurements is discussed. We show that degeneracy between some bolometer parameters can only be broken by model fitting a family of load curves over a range of bath temperatures, and that measurements with the bolometer blanked (zero absorbed radiant power) are essential for unambiguous determination of the main parameters. The influence of measurement errors on parameter recovery is analysed using synthetic noisy data sets.     

Preliminary study of the retention behavior for different compounds using cryogenic chromatography at different initial temperatures

The Kováts indices (I) of 24 volatile organic compounds were measured at the different initial temperatures by a laboratory-made cryogenic chromatography. The results show that the correlations of the Kováts indices and the temperature are nonlinear at low initial temperature. Seven QSRR models were built using the heuristic method at different initial temperatures by calculating the quantitative chemical parameters of 24 organic compounds to study the relationship between the retention behavior and the molecular parameters. By studying the relationship between carbon and retention behavior, the capacity factor, and resolution of selected compounds, the contribution of gas–liquid interfacial adsorption process, which influences the retention behavior of solutes, is becoming more and more important with the decrease of the initial temperature.     

Design of a microprocessor-controlled automated injection system for the analysis of gas phase cigarette smoke using glass capillary columns

An automatic injection system for the analysis of gas phase smoke has been designed and evaluated using the microprocessor-controlled Hewlett-Packard 5830 gas chromatograph. The cryogenic preconcentration trap was constructed from relatively inexpensive and readily available materials. It was determined that the use of the preconcentration trap, as opposed to condensing the smoke on the head of the cold (-50°C) chromatographic column, significantly enhanced the resolution of the more volatile gas phase components. Data are presented which illustrate the injection system characteristics. In addition, chromatograms of gas phase smoke are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.     

用于低温电气性能测试平台的温度控制系统

随着空间技术的不断发展和超导技术的实用化,不同低温环境下绝缘材料的电气特性越来越受关注.针对低温环境中绝缘材料电气性能测试系统,文章基于Labview平台,采用闭环控制原理设计了一套温度控制系统.该系统能较精确稳定地实现对试验区域温度的控制,可以用于不同低温温度下绝缘材料的电气性能测试.     

真空规管对低温容器残余气体影响的实验研究

以高真空多层绝热低温容器为研究对象,利用残余气体分析仪研究冷阴极真空规管、热阴极真空规管以及热阴极真空规管不同放置位置对低温容器真空夹层内残余气体的影响.结果表明:冷阴极真空规管对低温容器真空夹层内残余气体的影响几乎是可以忽略不计的;热阴极真空规管对低温容器真空夹层内残余气体的影响较大,热阴极的灯丝和残余气体之间存在化...     

Polarizing agents and mechanisms for high-field dynamic nuclear polarization of frozen dielectric solids

This article provides an overview of polarizing mechanisms involved in high-frequency dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of frozen biological samples at temperatures maintained using liquid nitrogen, compatible with contemporary magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Typical DNP experiments require unpaired electrons that are usually exogenous in samples via paramagnetic doping with polarizing agents. Thus, the resulting nuclear polarization mechanism depends on the electron and nuclear spin interactions induced by the paramagnetic species. The Overhauser Effect (OE) DNP, which relies on time-dependent spin–spin interactions, is excluded from our discussion due the lack of conducting electrons in frozen aqueous solutions containing biological entities. DNP of particular interest to us relies primarily on time-independent, spin-spin interactions for significant electron–nucleus polarization transfer through mechanisms such as the Solid Effect (SE), the Cross Effect (CE) or Thermal Mixing (TM), involving one, two or multiple electron spins, respectively. Derived from monomeric radicals initially used in high-field DNP experiments, bi- or multiple-radical polarizing agents facilitate CE/TM to generate significant NMR signal enhancements in dielectric solids at low temperatures (<100 K). For example, large DNP enhancements (∼300 times at 5 T) from a biologically compatible biradical, 1-(TEMPO-4-oxy)-3-(TEMPO-4-amino)propan-2-ol (TOTAPOL), have enabled high-resolution MAS NMR in sample systems existing in submicron domains or embedded in larger biomolecular complexes. The scope of this review is focused on recently developed DNP polarizing agents for high-field applications and leads up to future developments per the CE DNP mechanism. Because DNP experiments are feasible with a solid-state microwave source when performed at <20 K, nuclear polarization using lower microwave power (<100 mW) is possible by forcing a high proportion of biradicals to fulfill the frequency matching condition of CE (two EPR frequencies separated by the NMR frequency) using the strategies involving hetero-radical moieties and/or molecular alignment. In addition, the combination of an excited triplet and a stable radical might provide alternative DNP mechanisms without the microwave requirement.     

CERNOX CX-SD低温温度计使用方法

随着超导技术的飞速发展,超导装置运行过程中极低温测量技术成为一个重要的研究课题.国际上发展了许多特殊的温度测量方法,以精确测量绝对零度附近mK甚至μK量级的温度,同时对于需要具有较大温度变化范围的温度测量,例如从室温到绝对零度附近的温度测量也开发出了性能优越的温度计.在超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置的设计运行过程中,美国L...