高强砼的轴心抗拉强度的分析计算

对国内有关轴拉试验结果进行了分析,说明高强混凝土轴心受拉强度与普通混凝土轴心受拉强度是有差异的.并给出了计算模型.     

Effects of tillage systems on compaction and crop yield of Albic Luvisol in Croatia

This four-year experiment was conducted in north-west Slavonia (agricultural area of Croatia) to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on compaction of silty loam soil (Albic Luvisol). The compared tillage systems were: (1) conventional tillage (CT), (2) conservation tillage (CM), (3) no-tillage system (NT), and the crop rotation was corn (Zea mays L.) – winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – corn – winter wheat. For detecting the soil compaction, bulk density and penetration resistance were measured during the growing seasons. In all seasons and tillage systems, the bulk density and penetration resistance increased with depth and the greatest increase from surface to the deepest layer in average was observed at CT system. The bulk density and penetration resistance increased at all tillage systems during the experiment, but the greatest increase was also observed at CT system. The greatest bulk density (1.66 Mg m⁻³) and the greatest increase of 6.4% were observed at CT system in the layer 30–35 cm. In the first season, the bulk density was the greatest at NT system, but during the experiment the lowest average increase of 1.9% was observed at this system. The greatest penetration resistance of all measurements (5.9 MPa) was observed in the last season at CT system in depth of 40 cm. The lowest average increase of penetration resistance 11.4% was also observed at NT system. The highest yield of corn in the first season was achieved with CT system while in other seasons the highest yield of winter wheat and corn was achieved with CM system.     

A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Fumonisin B1 Detection in Corn Using Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Chitosan

A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was developed for detecting fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) in corn using the single‐walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan. The detection mechanism of immunosensor was based on an indirect competitive binding to a fixed amount of anti‐FB₁ between free FB₁ and FB₁‐bovine serum albumin, which was conjugated on covalently functionalized nanotubes/chitosan laid on the glass carbon electrode. The anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin G secondary antibody labeled with alkaline phosphatase was then bound to the electrode surface through reactisubstrate α‐naphthyl phosphate, which produced electrochemical signal. Under optimized conditions, this method could detect FB₁ from 0.01 to 1000 ng mL^?1 with a detection limit of 2 pg mL^?1. This is well below the detection limit required from European Union legislation, 2–4 mg L^?1. Moreover, good recoveries were obtained for the detection of spiked corn samples and actual corn samples. As the method has good sensitivity and recovery for detecting FB₁, it is a practical detection method.     

Optimization of Oxygen Parameters for Determination of Carbon and Nitrogen in Biochar Materials

Recently, there has been increased focus on biochar materials due to their ability to sequester carbon for long-term in soil. In the production of biochar or charcoal, plant biomass is heated in a low or no oxygen environment. This process results in a product with unique characteristics. But there is limited research on the standardization of methods for determining total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the biochar materials whose properties vary by feedstock type and pyrolytic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the oxygen dosing time (OT) and dose (OD) for total organic carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) analysis in biochar materials by dry combustion method (using Vario Max CNS analyzer). Central composite rotatable design was used to determine the effect of five levels of oxygen dosing time (OT) and dosing level (OD) on measurement of total carbon and total nitrogen in four types of plant originated biochars. OT and OD level interaction had significant impact on the measurement of TC and TN in all types of biochar materials. Optimum levels of OT and OD were determined as 103 to 110 sec and 180 to 232 ml/min, respectively.     

IWD-Hankel-SVD模型下玉米叶片光谱铜污染信息预测

近年来在工业化和城镇化快速发展的地区,由重金属污染导致的环境问题尤为突出,特别是农业重金属污染更为社会所关注,因此,探索快速便捷的重金属污染甄别与监测方法极为重要。高光谱遥感作为新兴的重金属污染监测技术已有了深入研究。提出了固有波长尺度分解（IWD）概念和方法,并结合Hankel矩阵和奇异值分解（SVD）等建立了植被重金属污染程度预测的IWD-Hankel-SVD模型,该模型分为单变量模型和多变量模型。单变量模型主要是通过重金属污染的植被光谱IWD处理来获取光谱信息固有旋转分量（PRC）以提取最佳PRC的有效特征波段;在对各特征波段所构建的Hankel矩阵进行奇异值分解（SVD）基础上,依据获得该模型的奇异熵实现重金属污染信息预测。多变量模型是以植物叶绿素浓度相对值、单变量模型奇异熵作为参数实现重金属污染的信息预测。根据不同重金属Cu2+胁迫梯度下玉米植株污染的叶片光谱和叶绿素浓度以及叶片中Cu2+含量测定的数据,首先对不同浓度Cu2+胁迫下玉米叶片光谱进行IWD分析,获得能够较好保留原始输入光谱信息的最佳PRC,并从中提取到有效特征波段553~680,681~780,1 266~1 429,1 430~1 631,1 836~1 913和1 914~2 111 nm;然后对每一个特征波段构造其Hankel矩阵并进行SVD处理,以求取单变量的IWD-Hankel-SVD模型奇异熵;最后通过各特征波段所对应模型奇异熵与玉米叶片中Cu2+含量的相关分析,得到依据1 266~1 429和1 836~1 913 nm特征波段计算出奇异熵与玉米叶片中Cu2+含量的决定系数R2均高达0.9左右,说明这两个特征波段用于IWD-Hankel-SVD模型的Cu污染程度预测更具优越性和解释能力。同时,再把玉米叶片中叶绿素浓度相对值、1 266~1 429和1 836~1 913 nm特征波段相应模型奇异熵作为参数,采用偏最小二乘回归分析,得出多变量IWD-Hankel-SVD模型的玉米叶片Cu污染程度预测能力更强,决定系数R2达到0.9476,证明了多变量模型更具有鲁棒性和稳健性。     

Determination of acrolein in french fries by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

The frying of foods in the home can be a cause of indoor pollution due to the formation of acrolein. The emission of acrolein formed during frying in soybean, corn, canola, sunflower and palm oils was studied. A GC/MS method has been developed to determine acrolein in French fries using SPME as the sampling technique after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Optimum SPME conditions included desorption at 250°C for 2min after an adsorption time of 10min at room temperature. The method presented good resolution, repeatability, detection and quantification limits, and linearity of response. French fries were prepared in five different oils with four frying steps. The results showed that changes in acrolein concentration occurred after frying potatoes in different types of oil and at different frying cycles. Potatoes fried in soybean oil contained the lowest concentration of acrolein. Shoestring potatoes contained a lower concentration of acrolein than potato chips and French fries, respectively, because of the higher surface/volume ratio.     

气相色谱-质谱对青霉素发酵中玉米浆潜在标志物的研究

基于气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析法(OPLS-DA),建立了筛选玉米浆中影响青霉素发酵效价的潜在标志物的方法.利用GC-MS获得玉米浆中44种物质,经过标准化、Pareto预处理后,通过OPLS-DA对样本进行模式识别,根据模型的载荷图和变量重要性因子(VIP)筛选出9个潜在的标志物,即亮氨酸、5-酮脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、柠檬酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸和葡萄糖.结果表明,这些物质与青霉素的初级代谢和次级代谢密切相关,可以作为筛选青霉素发酵优质原料的潜在质量指标.     

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass: Catalysts to improve product selectivity

This study was intended to evaluate the effects of catalysts on product selectivity of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover and aspen wood. Metal oxides, salts, and acids including K₂Cr₂O₇, Al₂O₃, KAc, H₃BO₃, Na₂HPO₄, MgCl₂, AlCl₃, CoCl₂, and ZnCl₂ were pre-mixed with corn stover or aspen wood pellets prior to pyrolysis using microwave heating. The thermal process produced three product fractions, namely bio-oil, gas, and charcoal. The effects of the catalysts on the fractional yields were studied. KAc, Al₂O₃, MgCl₂, H₃BO₃, and Na₂HPO₄ were found to increase the bio-oil yield by either suppressing charcoal yield or gas yield or both. These catalysts may function as a microwave absorbent to speed up heating or participate in so-called “in situ upgrading” of pyrolytic vapors during the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass. GC–MS analysis of the bio-oils found that chloride salts promoted a few reactions while suppressing most of the other reactions observed for the control samples. At 8 g MgCl₂/100 biomass level, the GC–MS total ion chromatograms of the bio-oils from the treated corn stover or aspen show only one major furfural peak accounting for about 80% of the area under the spectrum. We conclude that some catalysts improve bio-oil yields, and chloride salts in particular simplify the chemical compositions of the resultant bio-oils and therefore improve the product selectivity of the pyrolysis process.     

Can delignification decrease cellulose digestibility in acid pretreated corn stover?

It has previously been shown that the improved digestibility of dilute acid pretreated corn stover is at least partially due to the removal of xylan and the consequent increase in accessibility of the cellulose to cellobiohydrolase enzymes. We now report on the impact that lignin removal has on the accessibility and digestibility of dilute acid pretreated corn stover. Samples of corn stover were subjected to dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment with and without simultaneous (partial) lignin removal. In addition, some samples were completely delignified after the pretreatment step using acidified sodium chlorite. The accessibility and digestibility of the samples were tested using a fluorescence-labeled cellobiohydrolase (Trichoderma reesei Cel7A) purified from a commercial cellulase preparation. Partial delignification of corn stover during dilute acid pretreatment was shown to improve cellulose digestibility by T. reesei Cel7A; however, decreasing the lignin content below 5% (g g⁻¹) by treatment with acidified sodium chlorite resulted in a dramatic reduction in cellulose digestibility. Importantly, this effect was found to be enhanced in samples with lower xylan contents suggesting that the near complete removal of xylan and lignin may cause aggregation of the cellulose microfibrils resulting in decreased cellulase accessibility.     

Extraction and characterization of native heteroxylans from delignified corn stover and aspen

Dimethylsulfoxide-solubilized polysaccharides from delignified corn stover and aspen were characterized. The biomass was delignified by two different techniques; a standard acid chlorite and a pulp and paper QPD technique comprising chelation (Q), peroxide (P), and acid-chlorite (D). Major polysaccharides in all fractions were diversely substituted xylan. Xylan acetylation was intact after chlorite delignification and, as expected, xylan from QPD-delignified fraction was de-acetylated by the alkaline peroxide step. The study of DMSO-extractable xylans from chlorite-delignified biomass revealed major differences in native acetylation patterns between corn stover and aspen xylan. Xylan from cell walls of corn stover contains 2-O- and 3-O-mono-acetylated xylan and [MeGlcA-α-(1 → 2)][3-OAc]-xylp units. In addition, aspen xylan also contains 2,3-di-O-acetylated xylose. 1,4-β-d-xylp residues substituted with MeGlcA at O-2 position are absent in chlorite-delignified aspen xylan. Sugar composition in accord with NMR-spectroscopic data indicated that corn stover xylan is arabinosylated while aspen xylan is not. We have shown that corn stover xylan has similar structure with xylans from other plants of Poales order. No evidence was found to indicate the presence of 1,4-β-d-[MeGlcA-α-(1 → 2)][Ara-α-(1 → 3)]-xylp in corn stover xylan fractions.