Theory of Disappearance of the Electric Signal Induced by an Aircraft Jet Engine in the Afterburner Regime

Electrical aspects of aircraft jet engine operation are considered. A phenomenon previously observed experimentally, namely, the disappearance of the engine current and alternating electric signal induced by the engine jet in the afterburner regime, is explained. It is shown that this phenomenon results from the detachment of electrons from negative ions when the gas temperature in the afterburner increases. This leads to an increase in the effective conductivity of the gas. As a result, the engine current circuit is closed on the internal duct walls and engine charging becomes insignificant.A physico-mathematical model of the electrical processes in the afterburner is formulated and model problems are solved.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 29081: 2010, surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy—reporting of methods used for charge control and charge correction

This international standard specifies the minimum amount of information required for describing the methods of charge control and charge correction in measurements of Auger electron transitions from insulating specimens by electron‐stimulated AES to be reported with the analytical results. Information is provided in an Annex on methods that have been found useful for charge control prior to or during AES analysis. The Annex also includes a summary table of methods or approaches, ordered by simplicity of approach. A similar international standard has been published for XPS (ISO 19318: 2003(E), Surface chemical analysis—XPS—reporting of methods used for charge control and charge correction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis on surface charging of insulator prior to flashover in vacuum

Prior to the flashover across an insulator in vacuum, the insulator surface is usually charged. It is of great importance to investigate the charging phenomena for better understanding the flashover characteristics. It is considered that there are two kinds of mechanisms closely related to the surface charging of insulator i.e., the secondary electron emission occurred over an insulator, and while employing a perfect electrode contact ahead of electron emission into vacuum, the charge injection and accumulation occurred inside the surface layer of an insulator. Based on the rigorous analysis of the kinetic processes of both primary and secondary electrons, the related surface charges were theoretically deduced. Involving the detrapping of charges trapped and the recombination of charges injected, the charging process due to charge injection and accumulation was analyzed. Some formulas were given to express the density of surface charges.     

球形汞膜电极倒导数恒电流溶出分析法研究

本文推导并验证了球形汞膜电极倒导数恒电流溶出分析法理论。确定其理论的应用条件为汞膜厚度不超过4.6×10~(-4)cm,探讨了噪音对灵敏度的影响。     

Secondary electron emission control in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Secondary electron emission (SEE) is a major player in surface charging during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); its characteristics and applicability as a current source for electrical measurements are studied. We employ sample biasing and a top retarding grid to control the photoelectron current, and further compare their I–V characteristics with direct spectroscopy of the secondary electrons. Using silica-coated gold substrates, the effect of sample work function on the emitted secondary electrons is shown and fine control over the surface potential gradients, in the range of 10–100 meV, is achieved. XPS-based chemically resolved electrical measurements (CREM) can thus be extended to the positive current regime.     

航天器内部充电效应及典型事例分析

航天器内部充电效应是由空间高能电子诱发的,通常发生在航天器内部以及表面绝缘材料深层,所产生的放电击穿及静电放电脉冲干扰较表面充电更为严重. 对内部充放电的一般规律进行了总结,并就一次典型的航天器异常事件,从异常的时空表现特征及其与高能电子环境扰动的相关性角度进行了深入分析和定量计算,得出了高能电子产生的内部充电引起的卫星异常的结论,为卫星异常诊断提供了范例.     

基于路网的电动汽车快速充电站布局决策研究

大力发展和推广纯电动汽车已成为全世界众多国家的共同选择。但电动汽车有限的续航能力及公共快速充电设施的缺乏,制约着人们的使用和长途出行。本研究针对我国公共快速充电网络建设亟待完善的问题,基于我国主干高速公路网络,对服务途中充电需求的快速充电站科学分布问题建立分布决策模型。研究表明,对续航能力低于200公里的电动汽车,应用最优策略分布的快速充电站数量从50座增加到250座时,可将途中充电需求覆盖率从50%左右提高到90%以上,而对续航能力超过250公里的电动汽车,150座按最优策略分布的快速充电站即能覆盖至少96.49%的途中充电需求。通过对不同续航能力和不同充电站数量约束下共30种情形的分析,本研究不仅能为多情形下充电站分布问题提供最优选址和数量组合决策方案,也为我国充电基础设施的完善及电动汽车产业可持续发展提供有力的理论支持和政策建议。     

空间站快速充电事件的机理研究

空间站等大型航天器由于采用高压太阳电池阵而引发的 带电问题成为近年来航天器带电研究领域的热点问题. 近年来观测到国际空间站(ISS)在出地影瞬间产生的"快速带电"事件 (也称"异常带电") , 再度引起了对低轨道航天器充电效应的深入研究. "快速带电"事件的特征为, 集中出现在出地影的瞬间, 在几秒内快速上升到较高电位(30—70 V), 然后在几十秒时间内缓慢衰降, 相对高压电池阵本身引起的结构体带电(称为"正常带电", 一般在30 V以下)严重得多. 目前国际上对"快速带电"的研究尚不充分. 本文在Furguson等人机理研究工作的基础上, 首次建立了描述"快速带电"事件的物理模型, 定量揭示了其充电过程的主要机理. 根据该模型对国际空间站的"快速带电"进行计算, 结果与观测到的典型充电脉冲符合, 模型预测的快速带电事件的统计规律也与观测结果基本一致. 关键词： 表面充电 等离子体 空间站 高压太阳电池阵     

出行量预测不确定下基于灵敏度分析的拥挤收费定价模型

拥挤收费是改善城市交通的有效手段.对拥挤收费定价的研究方法之一,就是针对固定的出行量进行收费设计.由于出行量预测不确定的因素,应针对长期出行量预测不确定的情况,利用灵敏度分析的方法,对拥挤收费定价的问题进行研究.首先研究了出行者出行的广义费用,然后考虑出行者的出行决策及出行量预测不确定的因素,给出一个拥挤收费定价模型,为交通管理者提供理论依据.     

Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from a Discrete Hybrid Bismuth Bromide Ferroelectric Templated by Phosphonium Cation

Bismuth containing hybrid molecular ferroelectrics are receiving tremendous attention in recent years owing to their stable and non-toxic composition. However, these perovskite-like structures are primarily limited to ammonium cations. Herein, we report a new phosphonium based discrete perovskite-like hybrid ferroelectric with a formula [Me(Ph)₃P]₃[Bi₂Br₉] ( MTPBB ) and its mechanical energy harvesting capability. The Polarization-Electric field (P-E) measurements resulted in a well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis loop with a remnant polarization value of 2.1 μC cm⁻². Piezoresponse force microscopy experiments enabled visualization of the ferroelectric domain structure and evaluation of the piezoelectric strain coefficient (d₃₃) for an MTPBB single crystal and thin film sample. Furthermore, flexible devices incorporating MTPBB in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix at various concentrations were fabricated and explored for their mechanical energy harvesting properties. The champion device with 20 wt % of MTPBB in PDMS rendered a maximum peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage of 22.9 V and a maximum power density of 7 μW cm⁻² at an optimal load of 4 MΩ. Moreover, the potential of MTPBB -based devices in low power electronics was demonstrated by storing the harvested energy in various electrolytic capacitors.