Potential perchlorate exposure from Citrus sp. irrigated with contaminated water

Citrus produced in the southwestern United States is often irrigated with perchlorate-contaminated water. This irrigation water includes Colorado River water which is contaminated with perchlorate from a manufacturing plant previously located near the Las Vegas Wash, and ground water from wells in Riverside and San Bernardino counties of California which are affected by a perchlorate plume associated with an aerospace facility once located near Redlands, California. Studies were conducted to evaluate the uptake and distribution of perchlorate in citrus irrigated with contaminated water, and estimate potential human exposure to perchlorate from the various citrus types including lemon (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradise), and orange (Citrus sinensis) produced in the region. Perchlorate concentrations ranged from less than 2-9 μg/L for Colorado River water and from below detection to approximately 18 μg/L for water samples from wells used to irrigate citrus. Destructive sampling of lemon trees produced with Colorado River water show perchlorate concentrations larger in the leaves (1835 μg/kg dry weight (dw)) followed by the fruit (128 μg/kg dw). Mean perchlorate concentrations in roots, trunk, and branches were all less than 30 μg/kg dw. Fruit pulp analyzed in the survey show perchlorate concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 38 μg/kg fresh weight (fw), and were related to the perchlorate concentration of irrigation water. Mean hypothetical exposures (μg/person/day) of children and adults from lemons (0.005 and 0.009), grapefruit (0.03 and 0.24), and oranges (0.51 and 1.20) were estimated. These data show that potential perchlorate exposures from citrus in the southwestern United States are negligible relative to the reference dose recommended by the National Academy of Sciences.     

基于Vis-NIR光谱的柑橘叶片黄龙病检测及其光谱特性研究

黄龙病作为柑橘类水果最具毁灭性的疾病之一,目前尚无有效的治愈手段,因此疾病预防成为已知的唯一有效方法。基于四种柑橘叶片(健康叶片、黄龙病叶片、铁缺乏叶片及氮缺乏叶片)VIS-NIR的反射光谱详细讨论了黄龙病的辨别方法以及在判别模型中光谱特征值的提取方法。在两类判别分析的特征值提取方法中,判别值(discriminability)运算的引入,为特征值提取提供了一个可靠依据,判别值越大表明光谱差异性越大。以被选特征值建立的Fisher线性判别分析模型,黄龙病与健康、铁缺乏、氮缺乏叶片的分类判别预测准确率分别都超过了90%,分类效果符合预期。最后,又讨论了分类树(classificationTree)在多类判别中的应用。通过对柑橘叶片原始反射谱,一阶导数谱及被选特征值分别建立分类模型,四种柑橘叶片平均预测准确度都超过88%,尤其是基于特征值的分类结果更是超过94%,验证了在多类判别中检测柑橘黄龙病的可行性及特征值提取的重要性。结合传统分类方法(k-NN, Bayesian)的结果分析,特征值作为输入变量的分类结果明显要优于原始光谱,证实了特征值选取的正确性,并为将来基于光谱特征值开发多光谱成像技术检测黄龙病打下坚实的基础。     

偏振-高光谱多维光信息的番茄叶片营养诊断

以Venlo型温室中无土栽培模式下自行培育的25%,50%,75%,100%,150%五个梯度水平的氮、磷、钾营养胁迫样本为研究对象,利用高光谱成像系统以及课题组自行研发的偏振反射光谱测量分析系统分别采集不同氮磷钾营养水平番茄叶片的偏振光谱和高光谱数据。通过扫描电镜分析阐明营养胁迫叶片非光滑表面的凹凸和质地发生的一系列变化与偏振反射辐射之间具有一定的联系。由斯托克斯公式将偏振光谱换算成偏振度后,提取偏振度与氮磷钾实测值之间的各4个偏振度特征;同时将高光谱数据经过主成分分析降维并确定氮磷钾各4个特征波长,再通过相关分析法提取这4个特征波长下的各8个高光谱图像纹理特征。偏振度特征与高光谱纹理特征相加累计氮磷钾各12个特征作为支持向量回归(SVR)的输入变量。对这12个特征变量进行最大—最小值归一化后,采用SVR建立番茄氮磷钾营养水平的定量诊断模型,求得氮的相关系数r=0.961 8,均方根误差RMSE=0.451;磷的相关系数r=0.916 3,均方根误差RMSE=0.620;钾的相关系数r=0.940 6,均方根误差RMSE=0.494。研究结果表明采用偏振反射光谱结合高光谱的多维光信息融合技术能够建立精度较高的番茄营养水平预测模型,具有较好的诊断作用,对于提高模型的精度和专用仪器的开发具有一定的指导意义,为番茄养分含量的快速检测提供了新的思路。     

估测田间烟叶色素含量的光谱模型研究

田间烟叶色素含量的光谱无损快速测量,对烟草营养生长期的营养诊断与长势监测、成熟期的烟叶品质评判具有重要的生产指导意义。该研究的目的是利用烟叶田间光谱估测烟叶的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量。研究采集了营养生长期和成熟期烟叶田间反射光谱,测量了样品烟叶的色素含量,利用支持向量机(SVM)和光谱指数法,对营养生长期和成熟期烟叶样品用分期建模和混合建模两种方法建立色素含量估测模型,并对模型的预测性能进行比较。研究结果表明,分期建模和混合建模对于烟叶色素含量的估测效果差异不显著。对于叶绿素含量,SVM和光谱指数法均有较好的估测效果;对于类胡萝卜素含量,SVM方法比光谱指数法具有更高的估测精度。采用SVM方法对烟叶样品的叶绿素含量分期建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.862 9和0.015 5,对叶绿素含量混合建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.898 5和0.012 3;采用SVM方法对烟叶样品类胡萝卜素含量分期建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.873 0和0.002 4,对类胡萝卜素含量混合建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.852 7和0.002 4。该研究的创新点是通过支持向量机和光谱指数法采用分期建模以及混合建模的方式建立了烟叶样品色素含量的估测模型,为烟草田间生产的质量控制、烟叶的采收品质保证提供科学依据和技术支持。     

基于高光谱数据研究应用近红外相机加装滤光片实现玉米叶片水分测量的关键参数

实现玉米等活体作物叶片不同区域以及近地冠层的水分含量检测,可为研究作物生长中的水分胁迫响应机制,以及旱情监测、精准灌溉等提供有效技术手段.大体积、大重量、低光通量的高光谱仪难以在田间实现活体检测,将小体积、小重量、高光通量近红外相机加装滤光片使其具有波长分辨能力,有望实现田间活体叶片水分含量成像检测.基于玉米叶片的近红...     

Polarization Characteristics of the He–Ne Laser Radiation Reflected from Rhododendron Leaves Subjected to Acid Treatment

Results of laboratory simulation experiments on the influence of H₂SO₄ solutions on the optical characteristics of the radiation reflected from Rhododendron smirnovii leaves illuminated at an angle of 55° by He–Ne laser radiation ( = 0.63 m) linearly polarized in the plane of incidence are presented. The coefficients of correlation between the optical characteristics of the reflected radiation, the concentration of the acid, and the pigment composition of the leaves have been calculated. It is shown that the influence of acidic stresses on the polarization characteristics of the radiation reflected from a leaf manifests itself indirectly as changes in the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and changes in their ratio in the leaf when observation is performed at angles of 50–60°.     

Reuse of Food Waste: The Chemical Composition and Health Properties of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Cultivar Essential Oils

The aim of the present study is to investigate the chemical profile, antioxidant activity, carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzyme inhibition, and hypolipidemic effect of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Sicilian Citrus maxima (pomelo) flavedo. Using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) we analysed the Eos of five cultivars of C. maxima, namely, ‘Chadock’, ‘Maxima’, ‘Pyriformis’, ‘Terracciani’, and ‘Todarii’, and their blends. The antioxidant activity was performed by using a multi-target approach using 2,2′-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests. The α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase-inhibitory activities were also assessed. GC-MS analyses revealed D-limonene as the main monoterpene hydrocarbon in all cultivars, albeit with different percentages in the range of 21.72–71.13%. A good content of oxygenated monoterpenes was detected for all cultivars, especially for ‘Todarii’. The analysis of the principal components (PCA), and related clusters (HCA), was performed to find chemo-diversity among the analysed samples. EOs from ‘Chadock’ and ‘Maxima’ were statistically similar to each other, and they differed from P3 in the smaller amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the oils from ‘Terracciani’ and ‘Todarii’ were found to be chemically and statistically different. ‘Chadock’ EO was the most active to scavenge radicals (IC₅₀ values of 22.24 and 27.23 µg/mL in ABTS and DPPH tests, respectively). ‘Terracciani’ EO was the most active against both lipase and α-amylase, whereas the blends obtained by the combination (1:1 v/v) of C. maxima ‘Maxima’ + ‘Todarii’ were the most active against α-glucosidase. Generally, the blends did not exert a unique behaviour in potentiating or reducing the bioactivity of the pomelo EOs.     

基于Adaboost及高光谱的生菜叶片氮素水平鉴别研究

为了便于经济合理的生菜施肥,研究一种生菜叶片氮素水平智能鉴别方法。在温室大棚内无土栽培不同氮素水平的生菜样本,在特定生育期,采集各类氮素水平生菜样本,利用FieldSpec○R 3型光谱仪采集生菜叶片高光谱数据。由于原始高光谱数据存在噪声且冗余性强,利用标准归一化(SNV)对原始高光谱数据进行降噪处理,再利用主成分分析方法(PCA)对高光谱数据进行特征提取。分别利用K最近邻(KNN)和支持向量机(SVM)对降维后的光谱数据进行分类研究,由于自适应提升法(Adaboost)能提升弱分类器分类性能,将其分别引入到KNN和SVM两种分类器中,提出了Adaboost-KNN和Adaboost-SVM两种集成分类算法。分别利用上述四种分类算法对相同测试样本数据进行分类鉴别。结果表明,KNN,SVM,Adaboost-KNN和Adaboost-SVM四种算法的分类正确率分别为74.68%,87.34%,100%和100%,其中所提出的Adaboost-KNN与Adaboost-SVM分类效果都很好,且Adaboost-SVM分类算法的稳定性最好。因此,Adaboost-SVM算法适合作为基于高光谱的生菜氮素水平鉴别的建模方法,并且也为其他作物营养元素无损检测提供了一种新的方法。     

HPLC测定潮州柑果肉中维生素C

利用HPLC测定了潮州柑果肉中维生素C的含量,以Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18为分析柱,柱温为25℃,进样量为10μL,甲醇-0.1%的草酸溶液（5∶95）为流动相,流速为1mL/min,检测波长为254nm进行分析检测,结果表明,维生素C的出峰时间为1.976min,采用外标法进行定量,在维生素C浓度为20—100μg/mL范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.9995,加标回收率为97.71%—102.16%之间,平均加标回收率为99.78%,RSD为1.68%（n=6）。此方法能快速,准确的测定潮州柑果肉中维生素C的含量,且重复性好。     

Biomimetic preparation of polymer-supported free radical scavenging, cytocompatible and antimicrobial "green" silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peel

In the pursuit of making the nanoscale-research greener, the utilization of the reductive potency of a common byproduct of food processing industry i.e. orange peel is reported here to prepare biopolymer-templated "green" silver nanoparticles. Aqueous extract of orange peel at basic pH was exploited to prepare starch supported nanoparticles under ambient conditions. The compositional abundance of pectins, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, sugars, carotenoids and myriad other flavones may be envisaged for the effective reductive potential of orange peel to generate silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were distributed within a narrow size spectrum of (3-12 nm) with characteristic Bragg's reflection planes of fcc structure, and surface plasmon resonance peak at 404 nm. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay using goat liver homogenate and DPPH scavenging test established the anti-oxidant potency of the silver nanoparticles. Their synergy with rifampicin against Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736 and cytocompatibility with the human leukemic monocytic cell line, THP-1 were also investigated. Thus, the present work deals with the preparation of starch assisted anti-microbial, cytocompatible and free radical scavenging "green" silver nanoparticles.