A study on a fast measuring technique of wavefront using a Shack–Hartmann sensor

The measuring resolution and speed for wavefront are important to improve the performance of an adaptive optics system. In this paper, we propose a fast measuring technique with high resolution in the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. The proposed measuring technique of wavefront combines the conventional center of mass algorithm with an estimated weighting factor. The estimated weighting factor is a real value anticipating the real center of mass in a wavefront spot image. This estimated weighting factor can be calculated at the initialization step of an adaptive optics system. We designed a robust adaptive optics system with this proposed measuring algorithm. The measuring accuracy and speed are investigated by using the proposed algorithm compared with the conventional center of mass algorithm in experiments.     

Flat optics with cholesteric and blue phase liquid crystals

ABSTRACT

The cholesteric (Ch) phase is an ancient liquid crystal (LC) phase, with its roots dating back to the days of Friedrich Reinitzer. It is most well known for its ability to selectively reflect circularly polarised light with the same rotation handedness as the helical structure, and have found applications in polarising and display devices. Most studies to date utilising the reflective properties of ChLCs, however, have treated ChLCs as simple dielectric mirrors in which light follows the law of reflection. We have recently shown that through controlling the phase of the Ch helix, it is possible to control the phase of reflected light. Because the phase can be controlled over 0–2π, the reflected wavefront from a planar device can be designed to possess non-specular properties, such as deflection and lensing. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon by presenting theoretical and experimental results on the dependence of the reflected light phase on the helix phase, and the effect of chiral handedness on the phenomenon. Also, we show that wavefront manipulation based on the same concept can be achieved in Ch blue phases (BPs), which are chiral LCs with three-dimensional periodicity.     

新型离轴反射变焦距光学系统的多视场检测方法

基于对离轴反射变焦距光学系统进行计算机辅助装调研究, 需要检测离轴反射变焦距系统各个视场的波像差, 除零度视场外, 获得包括其他视场的波像差有助于提高计算机辅助装调的准确性, 但是目前已有的波像差检测方法往往只能获得系统零度视场的波像差. 本文针对这个难题提出了一种检测离轴反射变焦距光学系统各个视场波像差的方法, 并应用于离轴三反变焦距光学系统的各视场波像差仿真检测. 该方法在传统自准直干涉法的基础上进行改进, 关键在于采用变形镜代替扫描的平面镜, 并采用夏克-哈特曼波前传感器代替干涉仪, 配合精确标定的激光器光源阵列, 可以实现对离轴三反变焦距光学系统的多视场波像差同时检测. 由理论分析和仿真模拟得出, 该系统在视场(0°, 3°), (0°, 4.2°), (0°, 5.5°), (0°, 7°), (0°, 9.8°), (0°, 14°)处经过变形镜补偿后的剩余波像差的RMS值分别为0.00039λ, 0.00075λ, 0.0024λ, 0.00017λ, 0.00053λ, 0.0057λ, 分析仿真结果表明此检测方案是可行的, 且适用于离轴反射变焦距系统的计算机辅助装调技术的研究.     

All-Dielectric Multichannel Terahertz Metasurface Empowering Independent Wavefront Manipulation

Metasurfaces have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in modulating the polarization and phase of electromagnetic waves and formed an emerging field of research, driving the exploitation of versatile compact devices. In this work, one transmission-mode, multichannel all-silicon metasurface platform that can implement functionalities separately in two orthogonally polarized output fields under linearly polarized incidences is proposed, which can effectively promote the design flexibility. Specifically, a single metasurface can realize multiple independent target phase distributions carrying specific phase relationships, thus enabling different information processing in different linear polarization states. For proof-of-principle experimental exhibitions, a monolayer metasurface composed of silicon pillars is designed, fabricated, and characterized to demonstrate the ability of multi-dimensional light field control, such as polarization-switchable focusing beam. Moreover, the other designed metasurface can generate polarization-switchable Bessel vortex beams under linearly polarized incidences, which also verifies the flexibility and practicality of such platform. This metasurface platform may lead to new optical components, involving multichannel singular beam generators, information encoders, and holographic encryption devices.     

变形镜受热变形引起的波前畸变仿真及补偿

针对变形镜自身受强激光辐照后热变形问题,利用ANSYS的多物理模型建立了变形镜的热机械模型并进行了计算。针对受强激光辐照后变形镜吸收了部分热量并产生了0.9μm的变形量,根据该变形镜热畸变分布特征,提出了一种利用补偿镜对热畸变进行补偿的方法,即在一个薄型镜面背后用一些约束头固定构成补偿镜,放置在变形镜的后续光路中。约束头在补偿镜上的位置与极头在变形镜上的位置对应错开分布。对三种不同形状约束头的补偿镜进行了计算,补偿后综合变形量降低到0.35,0.32和0.40μm。利用光束传输因子(BPF)对理想光束通过补偿镜后的效果进行评价,结果表明通过三种补偿镜后BPF值从0.906提高到了0.966,0.971和0.957。进一步的计算表明,补偿效果受约束头尺寸的影响较小。     

基于背景纹影波前传感技术的气动光学波前重构与校正

背景纹影波前传感(backgroud oriented schlieren based wavefront sensing, BOS-WS) 是利用背景纹影技术测量光学波前二维分布的新型实验手段, 可定量测量光线通过干扰场后产生的光学畸变并给出光程差. 为了利用BOS-WS技术获得光线因气动光学效应产生的畸变信息, 并通过已知畸变信息还原原始图像, 进而探索一种新型的超声速成像制导方法, 本文通过理论分析, 验证了利用背景纹影技术测量光学波前的方法, 探索了利用已知波前信息预测畸变位移场以及利用已知位移场进行波前重构的计算方法. 通过数值模拟比较了一阶梯形积分算法和Southwell方法在波前重构上的误差大小和结果合理性, 并通过误差分析证明了Southwell方法更加精确合理. 通过蜡烛火焰上方流场畸变实验和透镜对波前的扰动实验, 创造性地探索了利用已知光学光程差还原畸变位移场及用其校正畸变图像的方法, 并通过验证性实验证明了校正方法的有效性.     

ON WEAK MINIMUM ABERRATION AND NUMBER OF CLEAR TWO-FACTOR INTERACTION COMPONENTS IN s_Ⅳ～(m-p) DESIGNS

This article obtains some theoretical results on the number of clear two-factor interaction components and weak minimum aberration in an s_Ⅳ～(m-p) design,by considering the number of not clear two-factor interaction components of the design.     

Trefoil aberration measurement of lithographic projection optics based on linewidth asymmetry of the aerial image

The degradation of critical dimension uniformity caused by trefoil aberration of lithographic projection optics is a serious problem in the production of dynamic random access memory devices. In the present paper, we propose a novel method for measuring the trefoil aberration of lithographic projection optics. The trefoil aberration can be extracted from the linewidth asymmetry of the aerial image of brick-wall patterns. The present method has an advantage of timesaving. The test mark used in the present method is easy and cheap to fabricate, and the model for aberration extraction is simple. The PROLITH simulation results show that the trefoil aberration can be measured with high accuracy.     

Matchings in simplicial complexes, circuits and toric varieties

Using a generalized notion of matching in a simplicial complex and circuits of vector configurations, we compute lower bounds for the minimum number of generators, the binomial arithmetical rank and the A-homogeneous arithmetical rank of a lattice ideal. Prime lattice ideals are toric ideals, i.e. the defining ideals of toric varieties.