Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with HPLC fingerprint qualitative analyses for comprehensive evaluation of Aurantii Fructus

The present study aimed to develop a strategy involving quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprint qualitative analysis for performing the quality control of Aurantii Fructus. The content of 12 components (eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, meranzin, poncirin, naringenin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and auraptene) in samples was determined using reliable relative correction factors that were obtained using naringin as an internal reference standard. The new method demonstrated good applicability, and no significant differences were observed between the external standard method and the new method as determined by calculating standard method difference. Qualitative evaluation of samples was conducted using similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and quality fluctuation analysis. Chromatographic fingerprint data were divided into three groups by similarity and hierarchical cluster analyses, and seven components may have a more significant impact on the quality of Aurantii Fructus in quality fluctuation analysis. Overall, the study suggests that the qualitative and quantitative analyses of multicomponents using quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with chromatographic fingerprinting can be considered good quality criteria for performing quality control and providing technical support for the further pharmacological and pharmaceutical research of Aurantii Fructus.     

Systematic characterization of flavonoids from Siraitia grosvenorii leaf extract using an integrated strategy of high‐speed counter‐current chromatography combined with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

The chemical constituents of the Siraitia grosvenorii leaf extract were studied. Firstly, high‐speed counter‐current chromatography was applied to the one‐step separation of four compounds from S. grosvenorii leaf extract with the solvent system composed of 0.01% acetic acid water/n‐butanol/n‐hexane/methanol (5:3:1:1, v/v/v/v). In this work, 270 mg of crude sample yielded four compounds, a new kaempferol O‐glycoside derivative, kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐[4‐O‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoyl)]‐rhamnopyranoside‐7‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside, named kaempferitrin A (2.1 mg, 90%), and three known compounds, grosvenorine (3.4 mg, 93%), kaempferitrin (14.4 mg, 99%) and afzelin (4 mg, 98%), and the structures of these compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Then, ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to illustrate the dominant flavonoids in S. grosvenorii leaf extract. 34 flavonoids including 19 kaempferol O‐glycosides, 4 quercetin O‐glycosides, 6 flavanone derivatives, and 5 polymethoxyflavones, were accurately or tentatively identified by carefully comparing their retention times, UV data, precise masses, the typical fragments of the standards and literature data. Most of these compounds were reported for the first time. This study establishes a foundation for the further development and utilization of S. grosvenorii leaves in future.     

HPLC-ICP-MS测定中药中砷的形态

报道了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱（HPLC—ICP-MS）联用技术测定中药中砷的形态，采用阴离子交换柱，以0．2mmol／L EDTA和2mmol／L NaH2PO4的溶液为流动相，pH6．0，流速为1．0mL／min，成功分离了亚砷酸（AsⅢ）、砷酸（AsV）、甲基砷（MMA）和二甲基砷（DMA）。检出限分别为0．67μg／L（AsⅢ），0．85μg／L（DMA），0．43μg／L（MMA），0．70μg／L（AsV）。中药样品经过（1＋1）甲醇和水的溶液超声提取，离心、过滤、氮气吹干甲醇，超纯水定容。样品加标平均萃取回收率分别为：92．8％（AsⅢ），108％（DMA），104％（MMA），101％（AsV），相对标准偏差（RsD，n=7）均小于10％。     

治疗心脑血管疾病中成药中铜锌比值的含量分析

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了20种治疗心脑血管疾病中成药物中铜锌含量并计算铜锌比值。结果表明,治疗脑血管疾病中成药中Cu/Zn比治疗心血管疾病中成药中Cu/Zn高,并有含量并计算Cu/Zn一定的差异（P＜0．05）,这为探讨中成药物中微量元素与治疗心脑血管疾病的关系提供了有用的数据,同时也为临床上合理用药提供了微量元素方面的依据。     

A comparative study of F_0 patterns between Chinese and other languages

I.IntroductionEady[1]examinedhowthefundamentalfrequencyF,patternsintone1anguage-Chinesearcdifferentfromthatinstresslang1agnEnglish.HearguedthatthcF,patternsinatonelanguagearesystematica1lydifferentfromthoseinastress1anguageandhisfindingcontradictstheclaimofBo1ingerthat-humanspcakerseverywhercdoessentiallythesamethingwithfundamentalpiteh'.EadyusedcepstalmethodtOdoF,extractionsohecannotgetaninsightintothemicrostructureofthelaryngea1vibrahonsprecisely,althoughanaveragerateofchangeinF,forevery…     

植物性中药和食品中微量锗的苯基荧光酮分光光度法测定的研究

在９－１０ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ介质中用ＣＣｌ４萃取锗，分离共存元素，再反萃取到水相，在阳主子表面活性剂ＣＴＭＡＢ存在下，锗与显色剂ＰＦ生成１：２络合笺，分光光度法２呼中药中锗含量。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中草药中不同形态的砷

本文建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中草药方剂原生药、残渣、悬浮态及可溶态中的三价及五价砷的方法。研究了仪器的工作条件、试剂浓度及不同增感剂对砷原子荧光强度的影响和五价砷的还原条件，探讨了共存离子对砷测定的干扰及消除方法。利用本方法成功地对黄连解毒汤中的砷进行了形态分析。方法检出限为89．1ng／L，RSD为1．24％，样品加标回收率为91．1％～109．3％。     

中草药中几种阴离子的初级形态分析研究

本文报道几种中草药中常见非金属成分（阴离子）的离子色谱分析结果，研究了它们在原药及浸汁中的分布，改进了样品处理方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定三七药材中4种皂苷的含量

建立了以0．02％磷酸-乙腈为流动相，梯度洗脱反相高效液相色谱同时测定中药材三七中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1和Rd 4种皂苷的新方法。R1、Rg1、Rb1和Rd 4种皂苷的加样回收率分别为89．54％、90．08％、82．82％与84．46％；线性范围分别为0．244-6．110、0．820-20．510、0．396-9．890与0．260-6．500μg。测定了不同规格、部位和来源的三七药材里的4种皂苷R1、Rg1、Rb1和Rd。方法准确可靠，结果稳定，重现性好，可用于三七及其制剂的质控。     

Assessment of quality consistency in traditional Chinese medicine using multi‐wavelength fusion profiling by integrated quantitative fingerprint method: Niuhuang Jiedu pill as an example

Under the wave of the revival of traditional Chinese medicine, there is a quite imperative duty to study an integrated and comprehensive method of fingerprint data processing and analysis on the quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine. So, we proposed six parameters from two aspects (qualitative and quantitative), three levels (biased to strong peaks, biased to weak peaks, no obvious bias), to comprehensively evaluate the similarity of the two fingerprints. On this basis, another five parameters were proposed to evaluate the integrated effects (consistency, volatility, and similarity). This method was applied to 22 batches of Niuhuang Jiedu pill samples. Next, a practical and convenient multi‐wavelength fusion method was designed to provide more information, and the generated fusion profilings were used for subsequent evaluation. The characteristics of the parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis. The results of both hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis for raw data and standardized data were consistent with integrated quantitative fingerprint method results. At the same time, this method gave a reasonable explanation for abnormal and dissimilar samples. This work illustrated that the proposed method was particularly suitable for similarity analysis of fingerprints and capable of ensuring the quality consistency in traditional Chinese medicine.