Attitudes of Children With Dysphonia

SUMMARY: Because voice disorders in childhood may have a negative impact on communicative effectiveness, social development, and self-esteem, the objective was to determine the impact of voice disorders on lives of children from the perspective of chronically dysphonic children and their parents. This study consisted of focused interviews with chronically dysphonic children and their caregivers. Focused interviews were conducted with 10 children in each of the following age groups: Toddler (2-4 years old), Young Child (5-7 years old), School-Aged Child (8-12 years old), and Adolescent (13-18 years old). Interview questions were formulated to elicit attitudes in the following conceptual domains: emotional, social/functional, and physical. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to systematic qualitative analyses that identified common themes within each age group for each conceptual domain. For Toddlers, interviews relied heavily on parents and the biggest concerns were found in the physical and functional domains. Young Children expressed that their biggest issues related to voice were physical ("run out of air," "sometimes voice does not work"). Ninety percent of Young Children were repeatedly asked to use a quieter voice. Emotional factors and physical factors were prominent in the interviews of School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Children and Adolescents often felt that their dysphonic voice received undue attention and also limited their participation in important events. Anger, sadness, and frustration were also expressed. Chronic dysphonia negatively affects the lives of children. This work will serve as the basis for development of a valid, reliable, and age-appropriate measure of voice-related quality of life in children.     

广州市儿童膳食模式中硒营养改善的研究

报道了富硒眉豆营养米的研制，以改善广州地区儿童膳食模式中的硒营养．     

饮水高氟区8～15岁儿童发中微量元素的测定分析

测定了饮水高氟区８～１５岁儿童发中６种微量与宏量元素含量。     

儿童锌缺乏症防治存在的问题与对策

人们对儿童锌缺乏症的认识不足、误诊误治、检测过程复杂、药品剂型单调是锌缺乏防治存在的问题。相应对策应考虑组织专业服务，建立防治网；加强普及锌缺乏防治知识；改进检测方法和开发多元化的锌制剂品种。     

智力超常儿童发样微量元素研究

用Ｘ射线荧光法，以病例一一对照１：１配对对智力超常儿童及对照儿童的发样，进行Ｃａ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ａｓ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｍｏ、Ｇｅ和Ｓｅ等十五种微量和宏量元素检测。结果显示：单因素统计处理，智力超常儿童Ｃａ、Ｚｎ和Ｎｉ等元素含量显著或非常显著地高于对照组儿童（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１），而Ａｓ发样含量极显著低于对照组；经逐步相关回归分析，元素Ｚｎ与Ａｓ被引入方程，提示     

儿童的铅中毒问题——Ⅰ.上海和苏州地区儿童发铅水平研究

用X射线荧光分析法测定了上海和苏州地区2402例正常人头发样品,探讨了儿童的发铅特征及正常值上限和慢性铅中毒界限。结果表明,人发铅的正常值上限为25.0×10~(-6),筛选慢性铅中毒的界限为42.5×10~(-6)。以苏州地区260例0～10岁儿童所作的统计,有38.8％的儿童发铅超过正常值上限,17％的儿童可能有慢性铅中毒的危险。其中0～4岁儿童超标分别占超标总数的88.1％和86.7％。     

Formant frequency analysis of children''s spoken and sung vowels using sweeping fundamental frequency production

High-pitched productions present difficulties in formant frequency analysis due to wide harmonic spacing and poorly defined formants. As a consequence, there is little reliable data regarding children's spoken or sung vowel formants. Twenty-nine 11-year-old Swedish children were asked to produce 4 sustained spoken and sung vowels. In order to circumvent the problem of wide harmonic spacing, F₁ and F₂ measurements were taken from vowels produced with a sweeping F₀. Experienced choir singers were selected as subjects in order to minimize the larynx height adjustments associated with pitch variation in less skilled subjects. Results showed significantly higher formant frequencies for speech than for singing. Formants were consistently higher in girls than in boys suggesting longer vocal tracts in these preadolescent boys. Furthermore, formant scaling demonstrated vowel dependent differences between boys and girls suggesting non-uniform differences in male and female vocal tract dimensions. These vowel-dependent sex differences were not consistent with adult data.     

小儿肾病综合征患儿血中锌,铜,铁,钙,铅的研究

为探讨小儿肾病综合征患儿血中锌,铜,铁钙,铅的变化规律,对６０例小儿肾病综合征和６０例正常儿童全血中锌,铜,铁、钙,铅含量进行了对比观察。结果表明,小儿肾病综合征患儿以上５种元素均比正常儿童降低,     

锌在儿童保健中的作用初探

任意以参加本院保健的３００例儿童,参照缺锌儿童和健康儿童的发锌数据,进行了缺锌儿童治疗后的跟踪调查以及临床诊断。结果表明,年龄越小,发锌低于正常值的越多;体格达标,发锌低于正常值的儿童中,有较大一部分无锌缺乏的表现,其机体内处于严临床缺锌状态。     

基于X射线荧光光谱仪的儿童沙坑重金属污染特征调查研究

儿童沙坑是学龄前儿童重要的户外游乐场所,同时具有较好的雨水下渗性能,导致伴随周边地表径流而来的污染物容易在其中富集。因此儿童在沙坑内玩耍时,面临重金属类污染物进入体内的健康风险。研究利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)快速、无损的检测特点,对北京市儿童沙坑重金属污染特征进行调查。结果表明：(1)XRF对自制标准试样中Pb, Cu, As和Cd的测量值与理论值的准确度为-1.3%～7.5%,精确度在1.1%～5.3%范围内,均符合相关环境质量检测技术规范中规定的仪器检测准确度和精密度要求(均小于10%);(2)4种重金属测量值与理论值之间均呈现极显著正相关关系(p<0.001),其决定系数(R²)分别为0.999, 0.999, 0.996和0.998,基于结果建立了测量值和理论值的拟合方程;(3)应用XRF对北京市17家公园和13个居民小区内儿童沙坑重金属含量进行测定,两组样点中Pb和As含量差异显著,而Cu和Cd含量无显著差异。4种重金属标准差的变异系数范围在0.24～0.43,其中除Cd的变异系数小于0.3外,其余重金属均大于0.3,表明空间变异明显;(4)与...