Adsorption of chlorophenol on the Cu(1 1 1) surface: A first-principles density functional theory study

The interaction between a 2-chlorophenol (C₆H₄OHCl) molecule and the Cu(1 1 1) surface has been investigated using density functional theory as an initial step in gaining a better understanding of the catalyzed formation of dioxin compounds on a clean copper surface. The 2-chlorophenol molecule is found to form several weakly bonded, horizontally and vertically oriented configurations. Dissociative modes have also been investigated. For the latter, the formation of phenyl and benzyne fragments is found to be more energetically favourable than the formation of 2-chlorophenoxy radicals.     

过渡金属团簇M+2(M=Fe、Co、Ni)与CO的化学反应

利用离子讲质谱计和激光溅射技术相结合,研究了Fe2＋、CO2＋、Ni2＋与CO气体的吸附反应,比较了它们的反应活性,给出了化学反应的速率常数及随反应气体压强的变化关系,并从理论上模拟了化学反应过程,测量结果与已有的实验值符合较好．     

丙烯腈在Cu(111)面上化学吸附的密度泛函研究及NBO分析

利用密度泛函方法对丙烯腈在Cu(111)面上不同吸附位的吸附状态进行了理论研究. 计算结果表明, 丙烯腈分子通过端位N原子立式吸附在金属铜表面为弱化学吸附, 其中桥位为较佳吸附位, 结合能为-40.16 kJ/mol; 丙烯腈分子和金属铜之间发生了电荷转移, N原子的孤对电子与金属形成σ共价键; 对丙烯腈分子结构变化进行了NBO分析, 解释了丙烯腈分子吸附后被活化的原因.     

Structure and growth of self-assembling monolayers

The structural phases and the growth of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are reviewed from a surface science perspective, with emphasis on simple model systems. The concept of self-assembly is explained, and different self-assembling materials are briefly discussed. A summary of the techniques used for the study of SAMs is given. Different general scenarios for structures obtained by self-assembly are described. Thiols on Au(1 1 1) surfaces are used as an archetypal system to investigate in detail the structural phase diagram as a function of temperature and coverage, the specific structural features on a molecular level, and the effect of changes of the molecular backbone and the end group on the structure of the SAM. Temperature effects including phase transitions are discussed. Concepts for the preparation of more complex structures such as multi-component SAMs, laterally structured SAMs, and heterostructures, also with inorganic materials, are outlined. The growth and ways to control it are discussed in detail. Solution and gas phase deposition and the impact of various parameters such as temperature, concentration (in solution) or partial pressure (in the gas phase) are described. The kinetics and the energetics of self-assembly are analyzed. Several more complex issues of the film formation process including non-equilibrium issues are discussed. Some general conclusions are drawn concerning the impact of various molecular features on the growth behavior and concerning the relationship between growth and structural phase diagram. Finally, the potential of self-assembly as a route for the preparation of monolayers with pre-designed properties and SAMs as building blocks in heterostructures as well as application strategies are discussed.     

用于太阳光催化反应的空位工程

空位是一种点缺陷,广泛存在于非化学计量比的半导体光催化材料的晶格中.不同于其它研制复杂结构和组成的新型光催化剂的策略,空位工程设计方法可以基于传统的,由丰量元素组成的光催化剂进行表面或体相晶格的空位调控,以获得宽谱响应的高效光催化材料.该方法具有不引入杂质元素、成本低廉、方法简便等优点,且通过表面化学吸附作用可以耦合热催化和光催化过程,以实现增强的选择性光催化反应.空位的表征技术包括元素分析,扫描隧道显微镜,催化发光,光致发光或顺磁共振等直接和间接观测技术.近期正电子湮没谱发展成为一种研究空位的重要手段.这种方法可以区分不同位置(如体相和表面)和不同形式(如单一空位或联合空位)的空位并确定其相对浓度,从而用于探索空位影响光催化活性的规律.氧、氮、硫和卤素原子空位均属于阴离子空位.氢化处理法可以在光催化剂晶格中形成高浓度氧空位,并导致纳米材料表面层的晶格混乱.处理后光催化剂的光学吸收拓展到近红外区,电子给体浓度大大提高,促进了电子输运和界面电荷的迁移与分离;然而,可见光区的吸收对增强的光催化活性没有贡献.氧空位还可以作为活性位点吸附和解离反应物,促进电子从催化剂到吸附质间的转移,甚至直接参与到光催化和光化学反应中.富含氧空位的WO3可以耦合热催化和光催化反应促进CO2的选择性还原,或者利用近红外光活化分子氧并选择性氧化胺.氮空位是含氮的n型半导体光催化材料的本质属性.石墨氮化碳中的氮空位有助于促进电荷分离,同时可以作为化学吸附位用于选择性吸附,活化和还原氮气,因此富含氮空位的光催化剂在还原含氮化合物方面具有应用潜力.由于卤素原子在层状卤氧化铋的层间以较弱的范德华力存在,该类化合物容易形成卤原子空位.通过热处理碘氧化铋可以获得活性增强的含碘空位化合物.空位的出现导致带隙变宽和价带下移,光生空穴氧化能力提高,从而获得更好的光催化活性.传统的n型半导体光催化剂中难以形成阳离子空位.理论研究表明,含阳离子空位的TiO2具有一系列优点,包括电子传输性能提高,载流子复合受到抑制等.并且钛空位可以作为表面活性位促进水的吸附和离解,从而提高光解水效率.含钛空位的p型TiO2可以通过焙烧甘油化的前驱体制备,钛空位的出现使得光解水和催化降解有机物活性均大幅提高.含碳空位的石墨氮化碳不仅表现出增强的光催化活性,同时能够提高氧吸附并促进两电子还原氧气产生H2O2的反应过程.铋空位能够有效提高铋基光催化剂BiPO4和Bi6S2O15的活性.二维纳米材料的晶面和厚度可以影响表面空位的组成和浓度.BiOCl纳米片的表面是以铋空位为主,而超薄的BiOCl纳米片则是以铋氧联合空位为主,从而表现更优异的光催化活性.最近研究者在含空位的高性能光催化剂制备以及性能调控规律方面取得了长足进展,今后还将继续发展先进的表征技术,进一步研究空位的调控和稳定化手段,并全面理解空位对光催化反应的影响基本规律.空位工程将在半导体光催化技术中发挥更加重要的作用.     

覆盖度对S原子在Ir(001)表面吸附性质的影响

采用第一性原理方法模拟了覆盖度对S原子在Ir(001)表面吸附能和电子结构的影响。结果表明：在覆盖度0.50 ML以下，S原子吸附在Hollow空位最稳定，且吸附能几乎不随覆盖度变化；在覆盖度0.66 ML以上吸附能随覆盖度增加而减小。吸附体系金属表面d带电子结构随覆盖度变化与O/Pt(111)吸附体系相似。这些结果与Hammer-Nørskov模型吻合。     

NO Reactions Inside Crystals

Reactions of chemisorbed reagents inside the crystalline molecular solid state are rare but offer unexploited methods for selective solvent-free chemical synthesis. Here we show that the greenhouse gas precursor, nitric oxide (NO) is chemisorbed by crystals of the hexafluorophosphate salts of complexes containing dicobalt sites. On NO sorption a cascade of reactions results in the in-crystal synthesis of nitrite and other gaseous NO_x. Recrystallization enabled structural elucidation of the mixed valent {[(bpbp)Co₂(μ-(η¹-O : η¹-N)-ONO)]₂(bdc)}⁴⁺ (bpbp=2,6-bis(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)-4-tert-butylphenolato, bdc=1,4-benzenedicarboxylato) cation. Overlapping signals in the solid-state EPR spectra confirm the Co^IICo^III oxidation state and the presence of NO₂ trapped inside the unrecrystallised solid products (br. g=4, triplet g=2 (340 mT), A(N)=73 MHz), despite three cycles of vacuum and N₂ flushing. Consistently, ν_N−O bands appear in the Raman and IR spectra that are due to the coordinated nitrate and the trapped NO₂ that were synthesized in-crystal. The latter is expelled by heating the solid to 160 °C or by recrystallization. Dimetallic cooperativity is proposed for the NO transformations in these rare examples of selective, chemisorptive substrate reactions in the solid-state.