多路段元胞自动机交通流模型

在经典单路段元胞自动机交通流模型的基础上,将多个路段视为一个道路系统,提出并研究了多路段条件下的交通流问题.针对多路段道路的特点,通过引入车辆流入规则、路口随机慢化规则和路口车辆流入规则,控制车辆从上一路段流入下一路段.首先提出了"汽车池"的概念,来控制每一路口车辆的流入;然后通过路口随机慢化,来模拟路口对交通的影响;最后,当车辆离开时,依直行率进入下一路段,实现车流的继续流动.同时,通过数值模拟,仿真了不同条件下的交通情况,对重要参数进行了研究.结果表明,出现了混合流这一新的现象,拥堵地段与非拥堵地段间存在明显的界限.拥堵往往最先从路口开始,然后蔓延到整个路段.多路段道路还存在临界突变的特性.随着车辆流入概率的增大,路口对平均速度和车流密度的影响愈加明显.当流入概率超过一定阈值时,车辆缓慢地增加也会引起整体道路通行能力的迅速下降.     

Station Model for Rail Transit System Using Cellular Automata

In this paper, we propose a new cellular automata model to simulate the railway traffic at station. Based on NaSch model, the proposed station model is composed of the main track and the siding track. Two different schemes for trains passing through station are considered. One is the scheme of ＂pass by the main track, start and stop by the siding track＂. The other is the scheme of ＂two tracks play the same role＂. We simulate the train movement using the proposed model and analyze the traffic flow at station. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed cellular automata model can be successfully used for the simulations of railway traffic. Some characteristic behaviors of railway traffic flow can be reproduced. Moreover, the simulation values of the minimum headway are close to the theoretical values. This result demonstrates the dependability and availability of the proposed model.     

Discrete threshold growth dynamics are omnivorous for box neighborhoods

In the discrete threshold model for crystal growth in the plane we begin with some set of seed crystals and observe crystal growth over time by generating a sequence of subsets of by a deterministic rule. This rule is as follows: a site crystallizes when a threshold number of crystallized points appear in the site's prescribed neighborhood. The growth dynamics generated by this model are said to be omnivorous if finite and imply . In this paper we prove that the dynamics are omnivorous when the neighborhood is a box (i.e. when, for some fixed , the neighborhood of is . This result has important implications in the study of the first passage time when is chosen randomly with a sparse Bernoulli density and in the study of the limiting shape to which converges.

     

Modeling fatigue of ascending stair evacuation with modified fine discrete floor field cellular automata

Fatigue even increases the complexity of the pedestrian dynamics which is regarded as a kind of nonlinear system, and might have a significant negative impact on the crowd evacuation. However, it has never been investigated completely and properly. Thus, the fine discrete floor field cellular automata model is modified by integrating the fatigue function to explore the influence of fatigue on the crowd ascending evacuation. The simulation fits well with the empirical data and the observations quantitatively and qualitatively, indicating the model captures the main features of evacuation considering fatigue impact. As a prediction, without merging streams, compared with the case of walking in constant speed, when fatigue is considered, it takes 71.4% longer for all persons to enter the stairs and 87.2% longer to evacuate. With merging streams, fatigue has little impact on the inflow, while it makes the total evacuation time 84.2% longer.     

One-Dimensional Lattice Dynamics of the Diffusion-Limited Reaction A+A→A+S: Transient Behavior

We use a Boolean cellular automaton model to describe the diffusion-limited dynamics of the irreversible reaction A+AA+S on a 1D lattice. We derive a set of equations for the dynamics of the empty interval probabilities from which explicit expressions for the particle concentration and the two-point correlation can be obtained. It is shown that the long-time dynamics is in agreement with the off-lattice solution. The early-time behavior, however, predicts a slower decay of the concentration.     

二维伊辛模型相变临界现象的元胞自动机模拟

用元胞自动机模型模拟二维伊辛模型的相变临界现象,得出了相变图和时空演化图;当不存在外场时,数值模拟得到的临界温度与理论值精确吻合。     

Effect of dose rate of gamma irradiation on biochemical quality and browning of mushrooms Agaricus bisporus

In order to enhance the shelf-life of edible mature mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, 2 kGy ionising treatments were applied at two different dose rates: 4.5 kGy/h (I⁻) and 32 kGy/h (I⁺). Both I⁺ and I⁻ showed 2 and 4 days shelf-life enhancement compared to the control (C). Before day 9, no significant difference (p>0.05) in L^* value was detected in irradiated mushrooms. However, after day 9, the highest observed L^* value (whiteness) was obtained for the mushrooms irradiated in I⁻. Analyses of phenolic compounds revealed that mushrooms in I⁻ contained more phenols than I⁺ and C, the latter containing the lower level of phenols. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities of irradiated mushrooms, analysed via catechol oxidase and dopa oxidase substrates, resulted in being significantly lowered (p0.05) compared to C, with a further decrease in I⁺. Analyses of the enzymes indicated that PPO activity was lower in I⁺, contrasting with its lower phenol concentration. Ionising treatments also increased significantly (p0.05) the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. The observation of mushrooms cellular membranes, by electronic microscopy, revealed a better preserved integrity in I⁻ than in I⁺. It is thus assumed that the browning effect observed in I⁺ was caused by both the decompartimentation of vacuolar phenol and by the entry of molecular oxygen into the cell cytoplasm. The synergetic effect of the residual active PPO and the molecular oxygen, in contact with the phenols, allowed an increased oxidation rate and, therefore, a more pronounced browning in I⁺ than in I⁻.     

Novel prenylated and geranylated aromatic compounds isolated from Polysphondylium cellular slime molds

We have studied the diversity of secondary metabolites of cellular slime molds to utilize them as new biological resources for natural product chemistry. From the methanol extract of fruiting bodies of Polysphondylium tenuissimum, we obtained five prenylated and geranylated aromatic compounds, Pt-1-5 (1-5). An additional aromatic compound, Ppc-1 (6), was isolated from Polysphondylium pseudo-candidum. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectral analysis, and synthetic routes to 4, 5, and 6 were developed. Compound 5 showed the glucose consumption-promotive activity on 3T3-L1 cells.     

功能化硅壳荧光纳米粒的细胞吞噬研究

合成了氨基聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM(G1.0))和酯基(PAMAM(G1.5))功能化的两种硅壳荧光纳米粒,通过透射电镜(TEM)、纳米粒度及动电位测定仪(zeta电势)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和热失重分析仪(TGA)进行表征;通过透射电镜(TEM)、共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)实验、流式细胞计数法评价两种硅壳荧光纳米粒进入9L细胞能力的大小、在细胞内的分布情况以及细胞毒性.TEM分析表明,修饰的硅壳纳米粒大小约为60 nm左右,pH=7.4,氨基功能化的纳米粒zeta电势为+19.08,酯基功能化的为-9.01;FTIR和TGA实验进一步证明两种纳米粒被氨基和酯基的功能化.TEM和CLSM结果表明纳米粒主要存在细胞浆中,且能被溶酶体吞噬.CCK-8结果显示两种纳米粒的浓度高达1 mg/mL时仍无明显的毒性作用,且有促细胞增殖作用.流式细胞计数结果表明,细胞摄取纳米粒呈浓度和时间依赖性,氨基比酯基修饰的纳米粒更易进入细胞.