A new interpretation of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to measure accurate doping levels for conducting polymers: Separating Faradaic and capacitive currents

We report an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based method to measure the doping level of conducting polymers. Using EIS the Faradaic current and the capacitive charging current can be separated without relying on any unverifiable assumptions. We demonstrate the method for three types of conducting polymer thin films that are the basis for many commercial applications (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly-3-hexylthiophene and polypyrrole).     

Some Possibilities and Limitations of Contactless Impedimetric Determinations of Organic Liquids in Aqueous Solutions. The Interference from Ionic Compounds

The possibilities of impedimetric determinations of organic liquids in mixtures with aqueous solutions have been studied in detail, using a planar capacitor cell combined with multivibrator and operational amplifier circuits functioning as a differentiator and a system of dioxane with aqueous solutions of alkali halides. The experimental values have been compared with a simple model and the detector response has been characterized. The behaviour of the detection cell can be reliably predicted on this basis. This approach permits extremely simple, rapid and cheap analyses of binary liquid mixtures, however, it suffers from a serious limitation in that the overall electric conductivity of the mixture must be low.     

Air-coupled MUMPs capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers with resonant cavities

This work reports performance improvements of air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) using resonant cavities. In order to perform this work, we have designed and manufactured a CMUT employing multi-user microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) processes (MUMPs). The transducer was designed using Helmholtz resonator principles. This was characterised by the dimensions of the cavity and several acoustic ports, which had the form of holes in the CMUT plate. The MUMPs process has the advantage of being low cost which allows the manufacture of economic prototypes. In this paper we show the effects of the resonant cavities and acoustic ports in CMUTs using laser Doppler vibrometry and acoustical measurements. We also use Finite Element (FE) simulations in order to support experimental measurements. The results show that it is possible to enhance the output pressure and bandwidth in air by tuning the resonance frequency of the plate (f_p) with that of the Helmholtz resonator (f_H). The experimental measurements show the plate resonance along with an additional resonance in the output pressure spectrum. This appears due to the effect of the new resonant cavities in the transducer. FE simulations show an increase of 11 dB in the output pressure with respect to that of a theoretical vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT by properly tuning the transducer. The bandwidth has been also analyzed by calculating the mechanical Q factor of the tuned CMUT. This has been estimated as 4.5 compared with 7.75 for the vacuum-sealed cavity MUMPs CMUT.     

HL-2A高压电源测量系统的研制与应用

分析并设计了分压器的参数,采用高频无感釉膜电阻制作分压器,与基于压频转换的光纤隔离技术相结合,组成了HL-2A用高压电源测量系统。同时将数字信号处理芯片用于光纤转换环节,实现压频型A/D转换,简化线路,提高数据传输速度和信号干扰能力。该高压测量系统已运用于HL-2A装置的长脉冲（5 s）放电实验,结果表明:该系统不仅实现了DC 80 kV高压电源的高低电位完全隔离,而且所测量电压波形真实反映了电源的输出,为反馈系统和保护系统提供了实时电压数据信号。     

电磁轨道发射装置隔离式分压器

研制了一套用于测量电磁发射装置轨道电压信号的隔离式分压器,实现了测量回路与被测回路之间的电隔离,简化了电磁发射装置测试系统的复杂性。并对影响隔离式分压器频率响应的元件参数进行了参数扫描,结果表明:研制的分压器在-3 dB区间的频率响应范围为14 Hz~18 MHz,满足电磁发射装置轨道电压信号的测试要求。使用P6015A高压探头进行比对标定,输出信号的前沿约1s,频率响应满足电磁轨道发射装置轨道电压信号的测量要求。同时用隔离式分压器及电阻分压器测量轨道电压信号,两者波形符合较好。     

基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器

提出了一种基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器,该器件使用由LC元件构成的人工传输线取代传统传输线,并使用交指电容和贴片电阻进行端口隔离。设计制作的Wilkinson功分器中心频率为915MHz的微带3dB功分器,等幅同相地将输入功率分配到2个输出端口,尺寸仅有传统Wilkinson功分器的25%,端口幅度平衡度±0.2dB,相位平衡度±1°。实验结果表明:功分器带宽为0.49～1.20GHz,插入损耗小于3.2dB,回波损耗大于10dB,仿真结果和测量结果吻合较好。     

快脉冲高电压大电流测量探头标定方法

基于脉冲形成原理提出了一种快脉冲高电压大电流测量探头的在线标定方法。利用闪光二号加速器输出线和二极管作为脉冲形成线,结合研制的低电感开关和负载,产生一个前沿小于3 ns、脉宽20 ns的准方波,对二极管电压测量探头微分型电容分压器和电流测量探头微分环进行了在线标定,得到测量探头在实际使用环境中的时间响应小于4 ns。该方法消除了非在线标定环境和实际环境无法统一对标定结果的影响,可推广应用于传输线型脉冲功率装置的探头标定。     

Improvement of water softening efficiency in capacitive deionization by ultra purification process of reduced graphene oxide

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is the next generation of water desalination and softening technology by using relatively low capacitive current of electrochemical double layer. Among various carbon-based materials used for making electrode, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been intensively studied due to its excellent electrical conductivity and high surface area. Although Hummer method for making graphene oxide (GO) and rGO is a simple process, it remains some impurities in inherent GO and rGO which affect negatively to the CDI performance. In this work, we successfully prepared ultra purified GO and rGO by modifying Hummer method in order to remove entirely excess elements degrading the CDI performance. The electrosorption capacity of ultra purified rGO is considerably better than that of previous rGO, and maximum removal achieves 3.54 mg g⁻¹ at applied voltage of 2.0 V. Thus, this result could be comparable to other researches in CDI process.     

S掺杂纳米多孔碳的光催化活性:表面化学和孔隙率的重要性(英文)

This minireview summarizes our recent findings on the photoactivity of S-doped nanoporous carbons. The materials were either synthesized from the sulfur-containing polymers or obtained by heat treatment of commercial carbon with hydrogen sulfide. Their surface was extensively charac terized from the points of view of its surface chemistry, porosity, morphology, and electronic properties. The carbons showed enhanced activity towards oxidation of arsine and removal of diben-zothiophenes from model diesel fuel. The latter were oxidized to various oxygen containing intermediates and the cleavage of C–C bonds in aromatic ring was detected when carbon with adsorbed species was exposed to UV or visible light. Irradiation resulted in generation of photocurrent in a broad range of wavelength. The presence of sulfur led to the reduction of oxygen and contributed to an increased capacitive performance. We link these effects to the presence of reduced sulfur in the small pores which enhances the dispersive interactions via inducing a positive charge to carbon atoms, to sulfur in oxygenated forms which contribute to Faradaic reactions and increase the polar interactions, and to the hydrophobicity of a surface in small pores where oxygen can be reduced by excited electrons from chromophoric-like sulfur containing groups.     

A capacitive biosensor based on an interdigitated electrode with nanoislands

A capacitive biosensor based on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) with nanoislands was developed for label-free detection of antigen-antibody interactions. To enable sensitive capacitive detection of protein adsorption, the nanoislands were fabricated between finger electrodes of the IDE. The effect of the nanoislands on the sensitive capacitive measurement was estimated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a model protein. Additionally, a parylene-A film was coated on the IDE with nanoislands to improve the efficiency of protein immobilization. By using HRP and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as model analytes, the effect of the parylene-A film on the capacitive detection of protein adsorption was demonstrated.