Rapid detection of trace Cu2+ using an l‐cysteine based interdigitated electrode sensor integrated with AC electrokinetic enrichment

Copper is an indispensable trace element for human health. Too much or too little intake of copper ion (Cu²⁺) can lead to its own adverse health conditions. Therefore, detection of Cu²⁺ is always of vital importance. In this work, a simple sensor was developed for rapid detection of trace Cu²⁺ in water, in which L‐cysteine (Cys) as a molecular probe was self‐assembled on a gold interdigital electrode to form a monolayer for specific capture of Cu²⁺. The interfacial capacitance of interdigital electrode was detected to indicate the target adsorption level under an AC signal working as the excitation to induce directed movement and enrichment of Cu²⁺ to the electrode surface. This sensor reached a limit of detection of 4.14 fM and a satisfactory selectivity against eight other ions (Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, As³⁺, and As⁵⁺). Testing of spiked tap water was also performed, demonstrating the sensor's usability. This sensor as well as the detection method shows a great application potential in fields such as environmental monitoring and medical diagnosis.     

电容去离子用功能化电极吸附材料的设计与构建

电容去离子(CDI)是近年来新兴的一种脱盐技术,由于其具有节能环保、实用性强等优势而倍受青睐。作为该技术核心的电极吸附材料,应具有高比表面积、良好导电性、亲水性、适宜孔隙结构、优异的稳定性等特点。这将有效保障该CDI器件不仅具有高CDI脱盐效率,而且拥有更强的循环稳定性。本文结合我们前期研究工作,针对吸附电极的制备、结构与性能构效关系的差异,综述了近年来多种功能化电极材料在CDI技术应用中的最新进展。     

低阻脉冲形成线电容分压器的在线补偿标定

讨论了低阻抗脉冲形成线中测量充电电压所用电容分压器的标定方案,提出了采用外部并联电感来补偿较大的形成线电容负载的方法。由于低阻形成线的电容负载影响,使用脉宽较短方波发生器易导致波形缺乏平顶,使用输出电压较低正弦波发生器导致信噪比不高。采用合适数值的外部电感,可以实现与形成线电容的并联谐振,此时整体阻抗最大,可以使用普通放大器提高正弦波电压,且不产生失真。该方法可应用于微秒尺度低阻形成线电容分压器的在线标定。     

0.22 THz二维电磁带隙波导和阵列天线设计

基于二维电磁带隙（EBG）结构,设计了工作在0.22 THz的直波导传输线和90弯波导传输线。数值模拟结果显示：直波导和弯波导的S21参数在0.22 THz处均大于10-5 dB,20 GHz模拟频带内的S21参数分别大于-0.001 dB和-0.003 5 dB。EBG结构很好地阻止了电磁波在电磁带隙内部的传播。基于EBG结构波导,设计了3 dB功分器和H面扇形喇叭阵列天线。数值模拟结果显示：功分器的S21参数在0.22 THz处为-3 dB,阵列天线方向性为17.1 dBi,具有较小的旁瓣和后瓣,E面和H面方向图均具有良好对称性。     

磁绝缘传输线实验用电阻分压器型大功率负载设计

研制了一种用于磁绝缘传输线（MITL）实验的分压器型大功率水电阻负载,其阻值可在2.0~14.0 变化。利用MATLAB系统辨识工具箱和ANSYS电磁分析模块,分别获取了分压器的系统传递函数和沿面电场分布,给出了其幅频响应特性和沿面闪络可靠性分析,负载设计充分考虑了集肤效应和温升的影响。该负载已用于强光一号1.0 m长MITL特性研究实验,并获得了较好的测量波形,在负载阻值2.1 条件下,负载峰值电压为1.2 MV,峰值电流为494.4 kA,峰值时间约125 ns。将实验测量结果同TLCODE计算结果进行了对比,获得了较为一致的对比结果。     

用于脉冲功率装置调试的高功率电阻分压器型负载

介绍了电阻分压器型负载的结构、分压原理和设计方法,分析了高频作用下趋肤效应对负载阻值的影响,计算了负载和真空腔内的电场强度分布以及负载的等效电感和等效电容,利用Pspice程序模拟了回路参数对输出信号的影响。对负载的分压比进行了标定,标定结果为7.59×10-5。为避免闪络现象的发生,设计加工接地金属套筒,用来降低负载阴极三结合点处的电场强度。负载工作电压幅值428 kV,电流幅值9.48 kA,工作阻抗45 Ω,电压和电流波形与设计值符合得较好,满足设计要求。     

宽带Wilkinson功分器的粒子群优化设计

提出了一种采用圆弧型结构的宽频Wilkinson功分器的优化设计方法。在研究奇模-偶模分析理论的基础上,首先,根据奇-偶模分析理论得出设计电路的参数方程,接着采用粒子群算法对方程进行优化,获得具体的设计参数,有效提高功分器的设计效率与准确性。为了验证设计方案的正确性,设计了8~12 GHz的宽带功分器。测试结果显示,在工作频段范围内,各端口回波损耗小于-20 dB,传输损耗小于3.4 dB,隔离度小于-20 dB,实物测试结果与仿真结果吻合良好,验证了设计方法的可行性。     

水介质自击穿开关放电参数测试

在“闪光-Ⅱ”装置上进行了1 MV同轴型水介质多针自击穿开关实验研究。开关击穿电压1～1.5 MV,开关总电流200～550 kA,电脉冲的脉宽约150 ns,上升前沿约60 ns。每个开关间隙的放电电流和输入输出电压分别用Rogowski线圈和CuSO4水电阻分压器测试。介绍了分压器的设计和标定,分析了产生误差的原因。针对类似测试,提出几点完善措施：测试电流线圈要密封隔水;水电阻分压器的第1级分压的分压比不能过大;调节CuSO4溶液的浓度,使水电阻的阻值满足频率响应的要求;注意分压器的放置方式;分压器和电流线圈的输出电压设计要适中。     

碳海绵上电化学沉积Fe_2O_3纳米片及其增强电容性能

设计高性能的可压缩电极是实现可压缩电容器器件的关键,碳海绵(CS)具有理想的压缩形变,但却受制于有限的容量。本工作以CS为可压缩基底,通过恒电流沉积及低温热处理技术,在CS骨架上均匀沉积了α-Fe_2O_3纳米片。复合电极中Fe_2O_3的负载量随沉积时间的延长逐渐增加,且在沉积16 h后达到饱和。系统地考察了CS-Fe_2O_3复合电极在不同压力下的可压缩性能,并在三电极体系中,通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电等方法研究了CS-Fe_2O_3复合电极在3.0mol·L~(-1)KOH电解液中的电容性能。结果表明,当复合电极CS-Fe_2O_3压缩率减小时,电极的内阻增大,比电容相应减小。CSFe_2O_3-12电极在电流密度为1 A·g~(-1)时的最大比电容为294 F·g~(-1),且经过10000次恒电流充放电后,电容量仍然能保持初始值的81%,是一种潜在的电化学性能稳定的可压缩超级电容器电极材料。     

A reusable capacitive immunosensor for detection of Salmonella spp. based on grafted ethylene diamine and self-assembled gold nanoparticle monolayers

Fabrication of a novel capacitive immunosensor based on grafted ethylene diamine and self-assembled gold nanoparticle monolayer on glassy carbon electrode for the detection of Salmonella spp. is described for the first time. In the present study, the Salmonella spp. monoclonal antibodies (denoted as McAbs) was immobilized on gold nanoparticles. Interaction of McAbs and Salmonella spp. was detected directly using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The experimental results showed that the concentration of antigen was measured through the relative change in capacitance in the corresponding specific binding of Salmonella spp. and McAbs. Under the optimized conditions, the relative changes in capacitance were proportional to the logarithmic values of Salmonella spp. concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10² to 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ (r = 0.991) with the detection limit of 1.0 × 10² CFU mL⁻¹. The stability of proposed immunosensor could be estimated by determining the relative change in capacitance, which remained almost the same in two months and decreased gradually to 85.3% of initial value after four months’ storage. The used immunosensor could be regenerated repeatedly by immersing in glycine-HCl buffer solution (pH 2.8). Finally, the proposed immunosensor was successfully used for the detection of Salmonella spp. in lab-processed commercial pork samples.