Finite difference and finite element methods for mhd channel flows

A Galerkin finite element method and two finite difference techniques of the control volume variety have been used to study magnetohydrodynamic channel flows as a function of the Reynolds number, interaction parameter, electrode length and wall conductivity. The finite element and finite difference formulations use unequally spaced grids to accurately resolve the flow field near the channel wall and electrode edges where steep flow gradients are expected. It is shown that the axial velocity profiles are distorted into M-shapes by the applied electromagnetic field and that the distortion increases as the Reynolds number, interaction parameter and electrode length are increased. It is also shown that the finite element method predicts larger electromagnetic pinch effects at the electrode entrance and exit and larger pressure rises along the electrodes than the primitive-variable and streamfunction–vorticity finite difference formulations. However, the primitive-variable formulation predicts steeper axial velocity gradients at the channel walls and lower axial velocities at the channel centreline than the streamfunction–vorticity finite difference and the finite element methods. The differences between the results of the finite difference and finite element methods are attributed to the different grids used in the calculations and to the methods used to evaluate the pressure field. In particular, the computation of the velocity field from the streamfunction–vorticity formulation introduces computational noise, which is somewhat smoothed out when the pressure field is calculated by integrating the Navier–Stokes equations. It is also shown that the wall electric potential increases as the wall conductivity increases and that, at sufficiently high interaction parameters, recirculation zones may be created at the channel centreline, whereas the flow near the wall may show jet-like characteristics.     

Numerical solution of a first-order conservation equation by a least square method

Least square methods have been frequently used to solve fluid mechanics problems. Their specific usefulness is emphasized for the solution of a first-order conservation equation. On the one hand, the least square formulation embeds the first-order problem into equivalent second-order problem, better adapted to discretization techniques due to symmetry and positive-definiteness of the associated matrix. On the other hand, the introduction of a least square functional is convenient for finite element applications. This approach is applied to the model problem of the conservation of mass (the unknown is the density ρ) in a nozzle with a specified velocity field (u, v), possibly including jumps along lines simulating shock waves. This represent a preliminary study towards the solution of the steady Euler equations. A finite difference and a finite element method are presented. The choice of the finite difference scheme and of a continuous finite element representation for the groups of variables (ρu, ρv) is discussed in terms of conservation of mass flux. Results obtained with both methods are compared in two numerical tests with the same mesh system.     

微波消解/ICP-MS法测定中草药中痕量元素的研究

研究了微波消解 / ICP- MS测定中草药中痕量元素的新方法。方法的检出限为 0 .0 0 6—0 .0 37ng·m L-1;精密度为 0 .6 %— 4 .5% ;回收率为 88.2 %— 10 8%。该方法简单、快速、准确 ,结果令人满意。     

微波消解ICP-MS法同时测定鲸肉中10种元素

本文采用微波消解样品,ICP－MS法同时测定鲸肉中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Se、Ge10种元素的含量,在最佳实验条件下,RSD为1.21%－3.87%,标准加入回收率为95.6%-101.9%,方法简便、可靠。     

Binary theory of antiproton stopping

Binary theory of electronic stopping, developed recently with the aim of quantifying stopping forces on swift heavy ions, has been applied to antiproton stopping. Essential ingredients in the theory are inverse-Bloch and shell corrections. The numerical input consists of the excitation spectrum of the stopping material, characterized by bundled oscillator strengths extracted from tabulated optical properties. Predicted stopping forces for eight solid materials agree well with experimental data, in particular for Si where measurements span over two decades of projectile energy. Large discrepancies were found with stopping data for helium extracted from annihilation time measurements. Received 22 February 2001     

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Trace Element Biomonitoring using Mosses

Two analytical methods - instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) - were used for the trace element analysis of naturally growing mosses for a heavy metal biomonitoring survey. The techniques were applied to reference mosses to evaluate the feasibility, analytical variability, detection limits and accuracy. These parameters were evaluated using 563 mosses sampled in the 1996 French survey. All the elements of interest in the European program "Atmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition in Europe - estimation based on moss analysis" (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Ni, V, Zn) were able to be determined by ICP-MS. INAA appeared suitable for the determination of As, Cr, Fe, Hg, V and Zn. The Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations determined by ICP-MS were preferred to the INAA results, because of increased feasibility or accuracy. The results provided by both methods on the French mosses were statistically compared for 14 elements. Significant linear correlation appeared for: Ba, Ce, Cs, La, Rb, Sm, Th and V. Among these eight elements, Ba, Cs, La and Sm concentrations determined by both methods exhibited a strong statistical similarity. The correlations obtained for As, Eu, Fe and Sb were not as strong and no correlation at all was observed for Co and Cr. These differences were attributed to instrumental factors (e.g. spectral interference occurred for both methods) or due to the sample preparation prior to ICP-MS. The consequences of such results on the regional trend evaluation of atmospheric heavy metal deposition were discussed.     

Release and enrichment of 44 elements during coal pyrolysis of Yima coal, China

The coal samples were collected from Yima coal district, China. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a simulated bed quartz reactor with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The 44 elements in raw coal and chars were determined by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry instrument (ICP-MS). The release and enrichment behavior of 44 trace elements during coal pyrolysis of Yima coal was studied.

According to the transformation behaviors, chemical features and thermal features under different pyrolysis temperatures, the 44 elements can be categorized to 4 groups: light elements (Li and Be), nonmetal elements (Se, As, B, etc.), heavy metal elements (including 24 elements, Cu, V, Co, etc.) and rear earth elements (REE) (14 elements). The results showed that (1) the higher pyrolysis temperatures, the higher release ratio and release ratio of REE are very low; (2) the enrichment ratios of the elements in chars increase by the sequence of nonmetal elements < light elements < heavy metal elements < REE. The nonmetal elements, light elements and a few heavy metal elements will be emitted out from coal during coal pyrolysis and they will pollute environment.     

ICP-AES法测定猪骨、猪牙中超微量稀土元素

利用P507萃淋树脂预富集分离技术,结合ICP－AES法测定猪骨、猪牙中超微量稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Y。本法排除了基体中Ca、P的干扰,方法检出限为2．0－4．4ng/g,回收率为80％－90％,RSD为3．1％－9．1％,适用于市售猪体内稀土水平的检测。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定海藻羊栖菜中的微量元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定海藻羊栖菜中Co、Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn、V、Cr 8种微量元素,对样品的前处理条件进行了探讨,选用Li、Sc、Ge、Y、In、Tb、Bi 7种元素作内标液校正基体效应和信号漂移,该方法对8种待测元素的检出限分别为0.007-0.042μg/g,相对标准偏差为0.42%-2.56%,标准物质测定回收率为92.5%-106.5%,对标准物质样品分析的结果与所给参考值吻合.方法快速、简便、准确,适合常规分析.