Integrated multi-sensor chip with photocured polymer membranes containing copolymerised plasticizer for direct pH, potassium, sodium and chloride ions determination in blood serum

An analytical system based on a sensor array with ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs) monolithically integrated in one chip covered with photocured polymer membranes containing copolymerised plasticizer and a sequential injection analysis (SIA) is shown to offer an automation of the analysis of blood serum components. For sequential injection system a custom made dual channel flow cell for the sensor array was developed. Optimisation of ion-sensitive membrane characteristics and calibration solution compositions were carried out. The system was used to analyze sodium, potassium, chloride ion contents in blood serum samples. The precision of the ion determination in samples was typical for potentiometic method with standard deviation of about 3-5%.     

Lead determination in whole blood by laser ablation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

This work describes a simple procedure for blood lead level determination. The proposed method requires little sample pretreatment and subsequent direct analysis of a dried blood spot on a filter membrane using laser ablation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In general, LA-ICP-MS studies are somewhat limited by the lack of matrix-matched standards for calibration purposes. Here we describe aqueous standard calibration and matrix-matched calibration methods. This method was validated by analysis of the reference materials. With the matrix-matched calibration method, the recovery ranged from 97.8% to 112.8%, while the aqueous standard calibration method ranged 90.4% to 122.4%. The lower detection limit was estimated as 0.1 ng mL⁻¹. The determination precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was not worse than 10% for all results. A sample throughput of approximately 5 min per sample made it possible to rapidly screen a large number of samples.     

The mathematical model of the radial artery blood pressure waveform through monitoring of the age-related changes

Age-related changes in blood vessels affect the pulse wave propagation. These changes may cause an increase in wave reflection which leads to amplification of pulse pressure. The pulse pressure changes are associated with certain vascular diseases. Here we present a mathematical model of blood pressure for different age groups. The model is based on one-dimensional wave propagation theory and assumes that the pressure waveform is a superposition of forward propagating wave and backward waves from many reflection sites. The model is based on experimental data obtained by direct measurement of radial artery blood flow. The model clearly shows age-related changes in blood pressure waveform. The results of mathematical model correlate with the radial pressure waveform data. The model can be used in cases where it is not possible to measure the pressure due to movement of subject. Application of model to the direct blood flow measurements data allows the real-time pressure waveform monitoring. Furthermore, this approach enables monitoring of changes in pressure waveform due to the effects of medications.     

抗艾滋病药物司他夫定与血液蛋白相互作用的研究

研究药物和血液中载体蛋白的相互作用对阐明药物在体内的转运、分布、代谢和药效等具有重要意义。运用稳态荧光、紫外-可见吸收光谱、动力学瞬态发射光谱和循环伏安法研究了抗艾滋病(HIV)药物司他夫定(stavudine,D4T)对人血清白蛋白(HSA)、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和血红蛋白(Hb)三种血液蛋白的荧光猝灭机制,均为静态猝灭;得出不同温度(300 K,310 K,320 K)下D4T和载体的结合常数K_a(K_a的大小顺序为Hb＞HSA＞BSA)和结合位点数n(n均为1);分析二者结合过程的热力参数ΔH,ΔS和ΔG,三种血液蛋白均为ΔG＞0,ΔH＞0,说明D4T和载体的结合是一种自发的放热过程,同时由ΔH＜0,ΔS＜0,推测出D4T与HSA,BSA和Hb之间的结合力都为氢键和范德华力;根据Frster非辐射能量转移理论(FRET)分析了供体(蛋白)和受体(D4T)之间发生能量转移的可能性并计算了结合距离R₀和r,其中r＜7 nm且0.5R₀＜r＜1.5R₀,表明从HSA,BSA和Hb到D4T之间发生能量转移的可能性很大。同时利用同步荧光,三维荧光和圆二色谱法得出,D4T与载体结合时对载体(HSA,BSA和Hb)的二级结构无影响,且三级构象变化不大。通过本文实验可知,HSA,BSA和Hb三种血液蛋白均可作为运输D4T到靶位置的良好载体蛋白,这些结果为更深入研究D4T药物分子设计和抗HIV作用的应用提供有利的实验依据。     

基于Raman光谱的人、犬、兔血液鉴别

多物种血液鉴别对于进出口检验检疫、刑事侦检以及野生动物保护等领域尤为重要。传统的血液鉴别方法,在鉴别时常常会对血液样本造成破坏,而Raman光谱作为一种振动光谱可获得物质分子振动、转动信息,进而分析物质组成,为无损血液鉴别技术提供了可能。目前,已经有基于Raman光谱进行血液鉴别的报道,但存在如下两个问题：单一物种样本数量较少,易导致模型欠拟合;均采用线性分类模型,忽略了光谱中非线性因素的影响,降低了模型的分类性能。因此,将支持向量机沿用至Raman光谱血液鉴别中,克服了线性模型只能为光谱中线性关系建模的缺点,有效地吸收了Raman光谱中的非线性关系,实现了对人、犬及兔血液的三分类。实验通过激发波长为785 nm的海洋Raman光谱仪测得共326例样本数据(人110例、犬116例、兔100例),利用Savitzky-Golay平滑滤波、加权最小二乘多项式拟合基线以及矢量归一化等方法对Raman光谱数据进行预处理,并选择2/3的样本数据作为校正集用于模型训练,余下1/3作为测试集用于盲测。与线性分类模型对比实验结果显示,该模型的校正集分类正确率达100%,盲测集分类正确率达93.52%,均优于线性分类模型。实验结果表明,基于支持向量机的分类模型可以用于Raman血液光谱鉴别,具有重要的研究价值和广泛的应用前景。     

利用谐波分量提高动态光谱法的信噪比

为了提高动态光谱法信号的信噪比,从信号和噪声能量的角度分析了动态光谱法以往采用的频域数据处理方法优点和缺陷,研究了了典型动态光谱系统噪声来源、频谱特点及其对动态光谱法信噪比的影响;并由此提出了增加多次谐波分量计入动态光谱的方法,并通过实验方法研究了实验中不同对照组的动态光谱相关系数与谐波次数逐渐增加时的变化趋势、确定了计入动态光谱的最佳谐波次数。实验证明,伴随频域处理中引入的谐波次数的增加,源自两个不同个体的动态光谱数据的相关系数会先减小后增加;而源自同一个体不同部位的动态光谱数据则一直增大。当引入的谐波次数为5时,可以得到最佳信噪比。所得到的动态光谱可以更加准确地反应血液成分信息,从而使动态光谱法的信噪比最大。     

ICP-MS法测定采血管中的20种微量元素

采用ICP-MS法对国内市场常用的13种采血管中铝、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、钼、镉、锡、锑、钡、钨、汞、铊和铅元素进行测定。通过对采血管的纯水浸出液和10%硝酸浸出液进行20种微量元素含量分析,得到了13种采血管中20种微量元素的含量。根据近年发表的文献中有关人体血清、血浆和全血微量元素含量参考范围,详细分析了各种采血管适用的微量元素检测种类。分析结果表明：最适用于血清分析的为采血管1,该采血管适用于18种血清微量元素的分析;最适用于血浆分析的为采血管6,该采血管适用于15种血浆微量元素的分析;最适用于全血分析的为采血管13,该采血管适用于17种全血微量元素的分析。但是,值得注意的是,采血管1中的锑和钨元素,采血管6中的钒、铬、镍和锑元素,以及采血管13中的铝,锑和钨元素,其纯水浸出液中这几种微量元素的含量与正常人血液(血清、血浆、全血)中微量元素含量处于同一数量级,可能会对血液微量元素的测量结果造成影响。该研究也对比了采血管1和采血管3对实际血清样本检测结果的影响,结果表明,采血管1的检测结果中几乎所有微量元素含量都低于采血管3的检测结果,尤其是铝,钒,铬,锰,砷,锡,锑等几种元素,说明在实际采血过程中,采血管的选择对微量元素检测结果影响很大。     

横向加热石墨炉原子吸收法测定儿童血液和头发中的铅和铝

采用横向加热石墨炉原子吸收法测定儿童血液和头发中的铅和铝,以磷酸二氢铵和硝酸镁或硝酸镁作基体改进剂,提高了测定铅的灰化温度和灵敏度,消除了基体干扰和记忆效应。方法简便、快速、准确度高。铅和铝的特征量分别为：2.3×10-11 g和2.2×10-11 g,相对标准偏差为3.0%～11.4%,回收率为96%～110%。     

血液中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的双波长分光光度简便测定法

本文报道血液中碳氧血红蛋白基于吸光度差值的双波长分光光度检测方法,检血用含有Na2S2O4的溶液释得到HbCO和Hb的双组分溶液,Hb有相同吸光度的双波长处的吸光度差值只反映HbCO的浓度,HbCO有相同吸光度的双波长处的光度差值只反映Hb的浓度,测定了这此吸光度差值可以利用约定的公式计算出检血的HbCO%.进行比较实验,当检出是由HbCO和Hb溶液混合制备时,本方法测定值与理论值严格一致,当检血是中毒案件检血时,本方法测定值与可靠方法的测定值严格一致.     

Blood species identification using Near-Infrared diffuse transmitted spectra and PLS-DA method

Blood species identification is of great significance for blood supervision and wildlife investigations. The current methods used to identify the blood species are destructive. Near-Infrared spectroscopy method is known for its non-invasive properties. In this research, we combined Near-Infrared diffuse transmitted spectra and Partial Least Square Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA) to identify three blood species, including macaque, human and mouse. Blind test and external test were used to assess the PLS-DA model. The model performed 100% accuracy in its identification between three blood species. This approach does not require a specific knowledge of biochemical features for each individual class but relies on a spectroscopic statistical differentiation of the whole components. This is the first time to demonstrate Near-Infrared diffuse transmitted spectra have the ability to identify the species of origin of blood samples. The results also support a good potential of absorption and scattering spectroscopy for species identification in practical applications for real-time detection.