Nonlinear models of suspension bridges

Nonlinear variational equations describing one type of suspension bridges are proposed and studied. The variational equations describe the behaviour of road bed, main cables and cable stays. The road bed is described by two functions connected with vertical and horizontal deformation of any cross section. The main cable is considered to be perfectly flexible and inextensible. The cable stays only resist tensile forces. The variational equations are derived from the principle of minimum potential energy. The existence of solution is based on the Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem. The local uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data represented by gravitational forces acting on the road bed are studied. The local results are based on the Implicit Function Theorem for Banach spaces. A certain stability criterion for suspension bridges is formulated and this criterion indicates how to influence the stability of suspension bridges.     

Fuzzy度量空间中Fuzzy映象的重合定理与Ekeland‘s变分原理

本文给出了Ｆｕｚｚｙ度量空间中Ｆｕｚｚｙ映射的重合定理，推广了文（３）（５）中主要的结果。     

When Can Statistical Theories Be Causally Closed?

The notion of common cause closedness of a classical, Kolmogorovian probability space with respect to a causal independence relation between the random events is defined, and propositions are presented that characterize common cause closedness for specific probability spaces. It is proved in particular that no probability space with a finite number of random events can contain common causes of all the correlations it predicts; however, it is demonstrated that probability spaces even with a finite number of random events can be common cause closed with respect to a causal independence relation that is stronger than logical independence. Furthermore it is shown that infinite, atomless probability spaces are always common cause closed in the strongest possible sense. Open problems concerning common cause closedness are formulated and the results are interpreted from the perspective of Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle (RCCP).     

排序原理在微积分中的一些应用

利用排序原理证明了数列{(1 1/n)~n}收敛性,级数∑(n!e~n)/(n~n p)在p≤3/2时是发散的和几个不等式。     

Optimal attitude control of a rigid body

Being mainly interested in the control of satellites, we investigate the problem of maneuvering a rigid body from a given initial attitude to a desired final attitude at a specified end time in such a way that a cost functional measuring the overall angular velocity is minimized.This problem is solved by applying a recent technique of Jurdjevic in geometric control theory. Essentially, this technique is just the classical calculus of variations approach to optimal control problems without control constraints, but formulated for control problems on arbitrary manifolds and presented in coordinate-free language. We model the state evolution as a differential equation on the nonlinear state spaceG=SO(3), thereby completely circumventing the inevitable difficulties (singularities and ambiguities) associated with the use of parameters such as Euler angles or quaternions. The angular velocities _k about the body's principal axes are used as (unbounded) control variables. Applying Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, we lift any optimal trajectorytg^*(t) to a trajectory onT ^*G which is then revealed as an integral curve of a certain time-invariant Hamiltonian vector field. Next, the calculus of Poisson brackets is applied to derive a system of differential equations for the optimal angular velocitiest _k ^* (t); once these are known the controlling torques which need to be applied are determined by Euler's equations.In special cases an analytical solution in closed form can be obtained. In general, the unknown initial values _k ^* (t₀) can be found by a shooting procedure which is numerically much less delicate than the straightforward transformation of the optimization problem into a two-point boundary-value problem. In fact, our approach completely avoids the explicit introduction of costate (or adjoint) variables and yields a differential equation for the control variables rather than one for the adjoint variables. This has the consequence that only variables with a clear physical significance (namely angular velocities) are involved for which gooda priori estimates of the initial values are available.     

Pd_2－CO簇的从头算研究

采用带相对论赝势的金属态原子基组，对Ｐｄ_２－ＣＯ簇进行了从头算研究。按金属态原则和键准备态原则，计算ＣＯ在金属把表面桥位吸附模型，并讨论吸附作用的化学键本质。认为将Ｐｄ_２的前线轨道中占据的（５ｓ＋５ｓ）轨道的电子激发到空的（５ｓ一５ｓ）轨道，是其吸附作用的键准备态，此态既减少了Ｐｄ_２（５ｓ＋５ｓ）轨道与ＣＯ的５σ之间的排斥，又有利于Ｐｄ_２（５ｓ一５ｓ）轨道与ＣＯ的２π的π反馈。     

构造自然数算术系统的一种新方法

用公理化方法来定义非空集上的二元关系〈，使得〈与该集合构成全序集，在全序集中给出最小元素原理的定义，再构造一个含有最小元素原理的适当公理系统来重新给出自然数的公理化定义，然后从构造的自然数公理系统中严格推导出一些基本命题，最后根据这些基本命题来完成对自然数算术系统的精确刻画，从而得到一种具体构造自然算术系统的新方法。     

Existence of solutions of certain nonconvex optimal control problems governed by nonlinear integral equations

Optimal control problems with nonlinear equations usually do not have a solution, i.e. an optimal control. Nevertheless, if the cost functional is uniformly concave with respect to the state, the solution may exist. Using the Balder's technique based on a Youngmeasure relaxation, Bauer's external principle and investigation of extreme Young measures; the existence is demonstrated here for optimal control processes described by nonlinear integral equations     

Principle component analysis (PCA) and second-order global hard-modelling for the complete resolution of transition metal ions complex formation with 1,10-phenantroline

Second-order global hard-modelling was applied to resolve the complex formation between Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd²⁺ cations and 1,10-phenantroline. The highly correlated spectral and concentration profiles of the species in these systems and low concentration of some species in the individual collected data matrices prevent the well-resolution of the profiles. Therefore, a collection of six equilibrium data matrices including series of absorption spectra taken with pH changes at different reactant ratios were analyzed. Firstly, a precise principle component analysis (PCA) of different augmented arrangements of the individual data matrices was used to distinguish the number of species involved in the equilibria. Based on the results of PCA, the equilibria included in the data were specified and second-order global hard-modelling of the appropriate arrangement of six collected equilibrium data matrices resulted in well-resolved profiles and equilibrium constants. The protonation constant of the ligand (1,10-phenantroline) and spectral profiles of its protonated and unprotonated forms are the additional information obtained by global analysis. For comparison, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to the same data. The results showed that second-order global hard-modelling is more convenient compared with MCR-ALS especially for systems with completely known model. It can completely resolve the system and the concentration profiles which are closer to correct ones. Moreover, parameters showing the goodness of fit are better with second-order global hard-modelling.     

A local duality principle for the Baire classes of functions

A local dual of a Banach space X is a closed subspace of X^∗ that satisfies the properties that the principle of local reflexivity assigns to X as a subspace of X∗∗. We show that, for every ordinal 1?α?ω₁, the spaces Bα[0,1] of bounded Baire functions of class α are local dual spaces of the space M[0,1] of all Borel measures. As a consequence, we derive that each annihilator Bα^⊥[0,1] is the kernel of a norm-one projection.