Some Observations on the Theory of Cryptographic Hash Functions

In this paper, we study issues related to the notion of “secure” hash functions. Several necessary conditions are considered, as well as a popular sufficient condition (the so-called random oracle model). We study the security of various problems that are motivated by the notion of a secure hash function. These problems are analyzed in the random oracle model, and we prove that the obvious trivial algorithms are optimal. As well, we look closely at reductions between various problems. In particular, we consider the important question “does collision resistance imply preimage resistance?”. We provide partial answers to this question – both positive and negative! – based on uniformity properties of the hash function under consideration.     

粒子束对玻姆鞘层判据的影响

在一维平板鞘层中应用双流体模型在有无碰撞两种情况下分别研究了定向离子束和定向电子束的存在对玻姆鞘层判据的影响.研究所涉及的碰撞主要有电荷交换碰撞、电离碰撞和总能量损失碰撞.工作气体是氩气，气压是常压.通过采用四阶龙格-库塔法，得到了数值解.结果表明定向离子束能减小漂移离子进入鞘层的最小速度，电荷交换碰撞也能减小这一速度；定向电子束使这一速度增加，与定向电子束相关的电离碰撞却使这一速度大幅度降低. 关键词： 双流体模型 玻姆鞘层判据 碰撞     

重离子碰撞中同位旋分馏对碰撞系统同位旋的依赖性

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型，研究了中能重离子碰撞过程中同位旋分馏现象及其对于碰撞系统同位旋的依赖性.计算结果表明:在碰撞系统膨胀的低密度区, 气相(发射核子)与液相(碎片)的中子-质子比出现不均等分配现象,即同位旋分馏. 同位旋分馏的强弱明显地依赖于碰撞系统的中子-质子比,其强度随着系统中子-质子比的增大而增大. 丰中子碰撞系统产生丰中子的气相和缺中子的液相,而缺中子碰撞系统产生缺中子的气相和丰中子的液相.在丰中子的碰撞系统中同位旋分馏强度敏感地依赖于对称势,而对于两体碰撞的同位旋效应并不敏感，但对于缺中子的碰撞系统,同位旋分馏强度对于对称势不敏感， 同时发现动量相关作用对于同位旋分馏过程的作用不明显. 关键词： 中能重离子碰撞 同位旋分馏 同位旋效应 对称势     

Fabrication and evaluation of molecularly imprinted regenerated cellulose composite membranes via atom transfer radical polymerization

A simple and effective method for surface molecularly imprinted composite membranes （MICMs） for artemisinin （Ars） based on regenerated cellulose membranes was first prepared through surface- initiated atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP）, and the as-prepared MICMs were then evaluated as adsorbents for selective recognition and separation of Ars molecules. Batch rebinding studies were conducted to determine the specific adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and selective permeation performance. The adsorption capacity of MICMs toward Ars by the Langmuir isotherm model was 2.008 mgg-1, which was nearly 5.0 times higher than non-molecularly imprinted composite membranes （NICMs）. The kinetic property of MICMs was well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The selective permeation experiments were successfully investigated to prove the excellent selective permeation performance for Ars than the competitive analog （artemether）.     

Electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry (EDI/SIMS) using mixed solvents of water/methanol and water/2‐propanol as projectile droplets

The electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry (EDI/SIMS) using charged electrospray water droplets realized the atomic and molecular level etching with leaving little damage on the surface. In this work, the binary mixtures of water and alcohols (methanol and 2‐propanol) were examined as the charged electrospray droplets. The increase of desorption efficiency and softer ionization are observed for rhodamine B and bradykinin with higher content of alcohols. The etching rates for SiO₂ and polystyrene 35000 were found to be more or less the same for 100% H₂O and H₂O/MeOH projectiles. However, 60 vol.% 2‐propanol gave much lower etching rates than the water/methanol system for polystyrene 35000. This indicates that there is a marked difference in the energy dissipation processes between methanol and 2‐propanol projectiles for soft‐material target. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)阳离子化菊粉作为非病毒基因载体的研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)将聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯[P(DMAEMA)]偶联到菊粉多糖(Inulin)上,合成了新型基因载体PDIN.利用核磁共振仪、动态光散射分析仪、透射电子显微镜和凝胶电泳对PDIN及其与质粒pDNA的复合物进行了表征.凝胶阻滞实验结果表明,PDIN可以通过静电相互作用稳定结合pDNA.噻唑蓝(MTT)细胞毒性测试、溶血实验、绿色荧光蛋白表达质粒(pGFP)及β半乳糖苷酶表达质粒(pβgal)转染实验结果表明,PDIN对MCF-7,Hela,COS7和HepG2细胞的毒性较小;其溶血率低,具有良好的血液相容性;载体PDIN能有效将pGFP和pβgal带入COS7细胞并表达,在N/P为1时转染效率最高,其β半乳糖苷酶的酶活为(3.36±0.74)U/mg蛋白,比Lipo2000转染效率[(4.33±0.77)U/mg蛋白]略低.因此,所合成的载体PDIN是一种有潜在应用价值的非病毒基因载体.     

“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review

Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most versatile and comprehensive method in “OMICS” sciences (i.e. in proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and lipidomics). The applications of MS and tandem MS (MS/MS or MSⁿ) provide sequence information of the full complement of biological samples in order to understand the importance of the sequences on their precise and specific functions. Nowadays, the control of polymer sequences and their accurate characterization is one of the significant challenges of current polymer science. Therefore, a similar approach can be very beneficial for characterizing and understanding the complex structures of synthetic macromolecules. MS-based strategies allow a relatively precise examination of polymeric structures (e.g. their molar mass distributions, monomer units, side chain substituents, end-group functionalities, and copolymer compositions). Moreover, tandem MS offer accurate structural information from intricate macromolecular structures; however, it produces vast amount of data to interpret. In “OMICS” sciences, the software application to interpret the obtained data has developed satisfyingly (e.g. in proteomics), because it is not possible to handle the amount of data acquired via (tandem) MS studies on the biological samples manually. It can be expected that special software tools will improve the interpretation of (tandem) MS output from the investigations of synthetic polymers as well. Eventually, the MS/MS field will also open up for polymer scientists who are not MS-specialists. In this review, we dissect the overall framework of the MS and MS/MS analysis of synthetic polymers into its key components. We discuss the fundamentals of polymer analyses as well as recent advances in the areas of tandem mass spectrometry, software developments, and the overall future perspectives on the way to polymer sequencing, one of the last Holy Grail in polymer science.     

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization sample preparation optimization for structural characterization of poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers

The influence of the sample preparation parameters (the choice of the matrix, matrix:analyte ratio, salt:analyte ratio) was investigated and optimal conditions were established for the MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers. These were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Use of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix resulted in spectra with consistently high ion yields for all matrix:analyte:salt ratios tested. The optimized MALDI procedure was successfully applied to the characterization of three copolymers obtained by varying the conditions of polymerization reaction. It was possible to establish the nature of the end groups, calculate molecular weight distributions, and determine the individual length distributions for styrene and pentafluorostyrene monomers, contained in the resulting copolymers. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that individual styrene chain length distributions are more sensitive to the change in the composition of the catalyst (the addition of small amount of CuBr₂) than is the pentafluorostyrene component distribution.     

A Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Synthesis of 1‐Phenoxy‐2‐propanol Via Atom‐economic Reaction

A magnetically separable catalyst Al₂O₃‐MgO/Fe₃O₄ was prepared by Al₂O₃‐MgO supported on magnetic oxide Fe₃O₄ and charactered by FT‐IR, XRD and SEM. The mixed oxides afforded high catalytic activity and selectivity for synthesis of 1‐phenoxy‐2‐propanol from phenol and propylene oxide with 80.3% conversion and 88.1% selectivity to 1‐phenoxy‐2‐propanol. Especially, facile separation of the catalyst by a magnet was obtained and the catalytic performance of the recovered catalyst was unaffected even at the forth run.     

基于红外图像形心优化提取的汽车夜视安全系统

为了提高汽车夜间行驶安全性能,设计并实现了一套基于红外图像处理的夜视安全系统。使用被动式红外相机对车辆和行人进行红外成像以得到车辆前方行人和车辆的准确位置;测距必须确定对象的形心,对红外图像的灰度值进行判定区分行人和车辆,对行人使用中值空域滤波方法进行降噪,对车辆使用db4小波进行预处理,然后使用基于图像边缘的图像分割方法进行图像分割,使用最大类间方差评估确定分割结果,再进行区域提取得到形心坐标;使用小孔成像模型计算形心与本车的距离,提取本车速度、加速度参数计算理论碰撞时间,当理论碰撞时间小于时间阈值时进行声光告警,从而实现实时预警。系统使用DIR-384-P红外相机,系统算法使用PFGA实现,测试结果表明,经过标校和加固后,系统与目标存在5米距离时,车辆测距的误差率达到2.74%,行人测距的误差率低于3.9%,具有一定的实际应用价值。