部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏

研究了部分相干高斯谢尔光束在大气湍流中的到达角起伏.主要采用湍流内外尺度的修正Von Karmon谱模型及广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理和交叉谱密度函数推导出了部分相干光在大气湍流中的到达角起伏表达式.对比分析了湍流内外尺度、湍流强度、传输距离、源相干参数以及波长等参数对部分相干光在大气湍流水平路径上传输时的到达角起伏的影响.结果表明:随着传输距离的增加,到达角起伏越来越小;随着大气湍流内外尺度和源相干参数的增加,到达角起伏也越来越大;与部分相干光相比,完全相干光的到达角起伏受湍流影响很小;随着波长和湍流强度的减小,到达角起伏越来越小.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic/ion-trap mass spectrometric speciation of aquatic mercury as its pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate complexes

Mercury-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate complexes are first time used for speciation of aquatic mercury with high-performance liquid chromatographic/ion trap-mass spectrometric method utilizing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The separation of the four mercury species was achieved in less than 5 min with a linear gradient profile of aqueous methanol from 70 up to 100% (v/v) in 4th min, isocratic elution at 100% up to 5th min and followed by a negative gradient to 70% in 6th min. The best separation was achieved on a reverse phase Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 μm particle size). The on-column limits of detection (injection volume 1 μL) were 370 pg for methylmercury (MeHg⁺), 280 pg for ethylmercury (EtHg⁺), 250 pg for phenylmercury (PhHg⁺) and 90 pg for inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) when the data were collected in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. A method of isolation and preconcentration of the mercury species using a “home-made” C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) microcolumns was developed to enhance sensitivity of the method. The preconcentration factor as much as 2500 was achieved with on-column complex formation of mercury-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. Methanol (100%) was chosen for elution of preconcentrated mercury species. The method was applied for the determination of mercury species in river water samples.     

Atmospheric Plasma Sterilization and Deodorization of Dielectric Surfaces

A method is presented for rapid and uniform sterilization and deodorization of dielectric surfaces. The technology is applicable to the inside surface of PET or glass bottles, polymer caps, plastic tubes, etc. The treatment is based on a pulsed RF discharge in air at atmospheric pressure (eventually with addition of argon) creating a nonequilibrium plasma on the treated surface. The plasma effectively destroys microorganisms in vegetative or sporulent form. It also slightly etches the polymeric material, removing some atomic layers and, thereby, cleaning it from aromatic organic components (deodorization). The process is short: PET bottles 1.5 L, in particular, can be treated in about 20 msec. The results of surface analysis and microbiological, chromatography, and spectroscopy tests are discussed. A device has been developed and integrated into an industrial-filling machine for online sterilization and deodorization of the inside surface of PET bottles before filling, and for sterilization of caps and bottle necks before seaming. It allows cold asceptic filling at a rate of 36,000 bottles per hour.     

Synthesis of Ozone at Atmospheric Pressure by a Quenched Induction-Coupled Plasma Torch

The technical feasibility of using an induction-coupled plasma (ICP) torch to synthesize ozone at atmospheric pressure is explored. Ozone concentrations up to ~250 ppm were achieved using a thermal plasma reactor system based on an ICP torch operating at 2.5 MHz and ~11 kVA with an argon/oxygen mixture as the plasma-forming gas. The corresponding production rate and yield were ~20 g ozone/hr and ~2g ozone/kWh, respectively. A gaseous oxygen quench formed ozone by rapid mixing of molecular oxygen with atomic oxygen produced by the torch. The ozone concentration in the reaction chamber was measured by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy over a wide range of experimental conditions and configurations. The geometry of the quench gas flow, the quench flow velocity, and the quench flow rate played important roles in determining the ozone concentration. The ozone concentration was sensitive to the torch RF power, but was insensitive to the torch gas flow rates. These observations are interpreted within the framework of a simple model of ozone synthesis.     

Transport of particles in an atmospheric turbulent boundary layer

A program incorporating the parallel code of large eddy simulation (LES) and particle transportation model is developed to simulate the motion of particles in an atmospheric turbulent boundary layer (ATBL). A model of particles of 100-micrometer order coupling with large scale ATBL is proposed. Two typical cases are studied, one focuses on the evolution of particle profile in the ATBL and the landing displacement of particles, whereas the other on the motion of particle stream.The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

不同地区大气折射率结构常数分布特性及分析

 大气湍流对光波传播的影响主要是由于大气随机起伏的湍流引起折射率的随机起伏,破坏了光波的相干性。研究传输问题就是研究湍流所造成的折射率随机变化的规律。主要利用HTP-2型温度脉动探空仪对大气折射率结构常数进行了实地探测及计算分析。通过对大量探空实验数据的统计分析,分别得出了合肥地区和北方干旱地区(0～30km)大气折射率结构常数在不同季节的白天和夜间的分布廓线和分布特性,对合肥地区和北方干旱地区的大气湍流结构特性有了比较清晰的认识,为大气光学传输工程的应用和理论计算提供了参考。     

Spectroscopic study of an atmospheric pressure plasma generated for the deposition of titanium dioxide thin films

TiO₂ thin films are applied in various domains, e.g. air or water purification, self-cleaning surfaces etc. The deposition of titanium dioxide at industrial scale remains challenging. Atmospheric pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition methods are currently developed to provide an easy and viable method for deposition at industrial scale. Even though those methods lead to promising applicative coatings their formation mechanisms remain poorly investigated. In order to investigate the effect of the plasma parameters, i.e. plasma power and introduction of oxygen, on the plasma chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is employed to monitor the various species present in the discharge. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the deposited thin films are carried out and show that by either decreasing the plasma power or introducing oxygen the carbon impurities in the layer can be reduced. By comparing OES and XPS data, the ratio of carbon containing species (CH and C₂) to oxygen, i.e. I_CH/I_O or I_C2/I_O, in the discharge is shown to be related to the carbon/oxygen composition ratio in the layer.     

超光谱红外卫星资料同步反演不同地表类型的大气廓线、地表温度和地表发射率

大气温度、水汽、地表温度和地表发射率是大气和地表的本征信息量。利用卫星红外资料精确反演大气温湿廓线有利于准确预报天气和研究气候变化,同时地表温度和地表发射率光谱的反演为研究植物生长与作物产量、地表水分蒸发与循环、能量平衡、地表成分及物理性质、气候变迁与全球环境提供重要参数指标。把大气和地面作为一个整体系统来考虑,建立一种能同步反演大气温度廓线、大气水汽廓线、地表温度和地表发射率的反演方法,利用超光谱红外卫星资料(atmospheric infrared sounder, AIRS),针对我国新疆地区沙漠和雪地两种典型发射率地表同步反演大气温度廓线、水汽廓线、地表温度和地表发射率。反演方法首先线性化地球-大气系统红外辐射传输方程, 提出通过经验正交函数构建大气廓线和地表发射率光谱,有效减少反演变量数,建立同步物理反演模式,然后以美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)的预报结果(初始大气温度、水汽廓线以及地表参数)作为初始值,最后通过牛顿迭代得到最优化解。反演观测区域覆盖我国新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠和准噶尔盆地,分别选择位于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的塔中探测站(纬度38.98°, 经度83.64°)和准噶尔盆地的阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(纬度44.2°, 经度87.9° )为反演地面验证点。反演结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠地表温度明显高于准噶尔盆地地表温度,与实际情况相一致;根据反演的8.6和13.4 μm处的地表发射率分布情况,可以看出在8.6 μm处沙漠地表发射率明显低于雪地发射率,在6～15 μm范围内,反演的沙漠地区(塔中站)地表发射率和雪地地区(阜康站)地表发射率与美国喷气推进实验室测量的沙漠发射率光谱和雪地发射率光谱相一致。研究表明,把大气和地面作为一个整体系统来考虑,把地表发射率加入到反演中,通过比较和分析沙漠地区(塔中)和雪地地区(阜康)的大气廓线反演结果与当地气象探空值和传统反演方法反演值,改进了大气温度廓线和水汽廓线反演精度,特别是边界层温度和水汽改进尤为明显;同时分析表明在发射率光谱变化较大的沙漠地区, 大气廓线反演精度的改进比雪地要高,这是由于地表发射率光谱在沙漠、戈壁地区变化较大,而雪地的发射率光谱变化不大。用该方法针对地表发射率光谱变化较大的地区(沙漠)同步反演大气廓线、地表温度和地表发射率,可以更有效的提高大气温度廓线、水汽廓线的反演精度。该研究结果可以为数值天气预报和我国未来超光谱红外卫星应用提供服务和有力支持, 具有十分重要的意义。     

基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射测量空气的温度

瑞利-布里渊散射的散射截面比拉曼散射大,因而其在大气散射中实现对大气对流层温度廓线的准确测量方面具有一定的优势,同时利用瑞利-布里渊散射实现高压环境下温度的准确测量对于航天飞机主引擎状态的监测和超燃发动机燃烧室参数测量方面具有重要意义。基于自发瑞利-布里渊散射分别采用反卷积方法和卷积方法来实现空气在不同压力条件下的温度反演,研究引起温度反演误差的原因,并对利用两种方法获得的温度测量结果进行了比较。在利用基于维纳滤波器的反卷积方法对测量光谱直接处理实现温度反演之前,首先利用反卷积方法对由自发瑞利-布里渊散射模型与仪器函数卷积得到的卷积光谱进行处理获得反卷积光谱,将反卷积光谱与未经卷积的理论计算光谱进行比较实现温度反演, 并基于温度反演误差小于1.0 K,光谱拟合误差相对较小,光谱处理时间短的参数优化原则对反卷积方法中的关键参数奇异值叠加数进行了优化处理,得到优化后的奇异值叠加数为150。随后实验测量了由532 nm波长的连续激光激发的纯净空气在温度为294.0 K,压强为1～7 bar条件下的自发瑞利-布里渊散射光谱,并结合理论计算光谱和最小χ2值原理对光谱信号散射角进行优化,优化值为90.7°,同时利用反卷积和卷积方法分别对实验测量光谱进行处理实现空气在不同压强下的温度反演。实验结果表明反卷积方法在一定程度上可以提高信号光谱分辨率,而且利用反卷积和卷积方法均可以实现空气在不同压力（1～7 bar）条件下温度的准确测量,温度测量的最大误差均小于2.0 K;利用反卷积方法的温度反演结果随着气体压强的增大随之得到改善,实现温度反演测量所需要的光谱处理时间减少;在空气压强较低（≤2 bar）时,由卷积方法获得的温度反演结果要优于反卷积方法,压强较高（>2 bar）时,两种方法的温度反演结果相近, 其绝对误差均小于1.0 K。通过分析得到引起两种方法温度反演误差的原因主要包括环境温度的波动（±0.2 K）,散射角存在一定的不确定度以及气体的各已知参数的微量偏差对温度测量结果的影响以及反卷积对光谱噪声的非线性放大引起的光谱扰动对温度测量结果的影响。在实验中可以通过提高测量光谱的信噪比、提高散射角的优化精度及改善反卷积方法来获得更加准确的参数测量结果。     

大气压氮氧等离子体射流灭活表面大肠杆菌及其发射光谱分析研究

研究了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流对表面大肠杆菌灭活作用,分析了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流的光谱性质。结果表明,在放电电压为6.8kV,气体流速为4L?min?1,处理3min时,氮氧比为1:4的大气压等离子体射流对大肠杆菌的灭活率达到98.4%,接近氧气源大气压等离子体射流灭菌效果。通过大气压等离子体射流发射光谱(OES)分析了氮氧源大气压等离子体射流中活性物质,进而解释大肠杆菌微生物灭活机理,认为NO?γ、OI、?OH等活性物质在表面大肠杆菌灭活过程中起到了重要作用。这将为大气压氮氧等离子体射流在环境卫生、微生物灭活等方面的应用研究提供实验基础和技术支持。