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981.
表面修饰硼酸盐润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能 总被引:12,自引:8,他引:12
制备了表面修饰的硼酸盐润滑油添加剂(球形颗粒,粒径大都小于0.5μm),且用四球试验机研究了其摩擦学性能.结果表明:这种添加剂具有良好的极压抗磨减摩性能,当润滑油中元素B的质量分数为0.05%时,四球磨斑直径最小,最大无卡咬负荷(pB值)最高;基础油的粘度和含水量对添加剂的极压抗磨性能有较大的影响,粘度为65.30mm2/s时的极压抗磨性最好,水的质量分数为1%时的pB值最高,低于1%时的pB值比不含水时的高,水的质量分数高于1%时的pB值随水含量的增加而降低.X射线光电子能谱分析发现,表面修饰的硼酸盐润滑油添加剂在摩擦表面形成了一层混合的摩擦化学反应膜,其中元素B主要以BN的形式存在. 相似文献
982.
Cai Liang Xiaoping ChenPan Xu Bo LiuChangsui Zhao Chuanlong Xu 《Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science》2011,35(6):1143-1150
During the pneumatic conveying, pulverized coal with different moisture contents may develop substantial difference in flow characteristics, whose cause is not fully understood. This study focused on influence of moisture content on conveying characteristics in an experimental test facility with the conveying pressure up to 4 MPa. The experiments included soft coal and lignite with similar density and particle size. With the increase in moisture content, the mass flow rate decreased for lignite (3.24% < M < 8.18%) but increased at first and then decreased for soft coal (0.4% < M < 6.18%) at same operating parameters. The flowability of soft coal was worse than that of lignite at similar operating parameters and external moisture content. The extremal conveying moisture contents of two coal types were obtained. The particle charge and surface moisture content were investigated to indicate influence mechanism of moisture content on mass flow rate in pneumatic conveying at high pressure. Pressure drop of soft coal was greater than that of lignite for same test section. The conveying phase diagram of dense-phase pulverized coal at high pressure was obtained and the pressure drops through different test sections were compared and analyzed. The bend loss factor rose with the increase in moisture content and was independent of conveying velocity and solid-gas ratio in dense-phase pneumatic conveying at high pressure. 相似文献
983.
This paper presents a new high‐order approach to the numerical solution of the incompressible Stokes and Navier–Stokes equations. The class of schemes developed is based upon a velocity–pressure–pressure gradient formulation, which allows: (i) high‐order finite difference stencils to be applied on non‐staggered grids; (ii) high‐order pressure gradient approximations to be made using standard Padé schemes, and (iii) a variety of boundary conditions to be incorporated in a natural manner. Results are presented in detail for a selection of two‐dimensional steady‐state test problems, using the fourth‐order scheme to demonstrate the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed methods. Furthermore, extensions to higher orders and time‐dependent problems are illustrated, whereas the extension to three‐dimensional problems is also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
984.
A direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB–LBM) is developed to simulate fluid–particle interaction problems. This method uses the pressure‐based LBM to solve the incompressible flow field and the immersed boundary method to handle the fluid–particle interactions. The pressure‐based LBM uses the pressure distribution functions instead of the density distribution functions as the independent dynamic variables. The main idea is to explicitly eliminate the compressible effect due to the density fluctuation. In the IB method, a direct‐forcing method is introduced to capture the particle motion. It directly computes an IB force density at each lattice grid from the differences between the pressure distribution functions obtained by the LBM and the equilibrium pressure distribution functions computed from the particle velocity. By applying this direct‐forcing method, the IB–LBM becomes a purely LBM version. Also, by applying the Gauss theorem, the formulas for computing the force and the torque acting on the particle from the flows are derived from the volume integrals over the particle volume instead of from the surface integrals over the particle surface. The order of accuracy of the IB–LBM is demonstrated on the errors of velocity field, wall stress, and gradients of velocity and pressure. As a demonstration of the efficiency and capabilities of the new method, sedimentation of a large number of spherical particles in an enclosure is simulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
985.
Qianlong Liu 《国际流体数值方法杂志》2011,67(1):74-92
In this paper, a robust projection method on a locally refined mesh is proposed for two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed method is robust not only when the interface between two meshes is located in a smooth flow region but also when the interface is located in a flow region with large gradients and/or strong unsteadiness. In numerical simulations, a locally refined mesh saves many grid points in regions of relatively small gradients compared with a uniform mesh. For efficiency and ease of implementation, we consider a two‐level blocked structure, for which both of the coarse and fine meshes are uniform Cartesian ones individually. Unfortunately, the introduction of the two‐level blocked mesh results in an important but difficult issue: coupling of the coarse and fine meshes. In this paper, by properly addressing the issue of the coupling, we propose a stable and accurate projection method on a locally refined staggered mesh for both two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed projection method is based on two principles: the linear interpolation technique and the consistent discretization of both sides of the pressure Poisson equation. The proposed algorithm is straightforward owing to the linear interpolation technique, is stable and accurate, is easy to extend from two‐ to three‐dimensional flows, and is valid even when flows with large gradients cross the interface between the two meshes. The resulting pressure Poisson equation is non‐symmetric on a locally refined mesh. The numerical results for a series of exact solutions for 2D and 3D viscous incompressible flows verify the stability and accuracy of the proposed projection method. The method is also applied to some challenging problems, including turbulent flows around particles, flows induced by impulsively started/stopped particles, and flows induced by particles near solid walls, to test the stability and accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
986.
987.
988.
不同重力条件下管内冷凝现象研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对不同重力环境中水平管内冷凝气液两相流动与传热现象的研究现状进行了全面评介, 重点关注于航天应用中的小管径、低流量和以氨为工质的情形,以及部分重力条件下冷凝现象中的重力效应. 冷凝现象中管壁四周液膜的存在,导致水平管内冷凝气液两相流与沸腾或绝热气液两相流在构型上存在着明显的不同, 表面张力的作用增大,向波状和分层流转换所对应的临界Bond数也随之增大, 进而使小管径、低流量水平管内冷凝气液两相流动与传热现象中的重力效应减弱,甚至可以忽略不计. 实验发现该情形中摩擦压降要小于基于常规气液两相流实验数据的经验关联式的预测结果, 而更接近光滑环状流情形; 对冷凝两相传热系数的预测,只有采用基于空隙率与界面剪切率相互耦合的模型, 才能够给出较好的结果. 相似文献
989.
990.