舷侧水对船舶抗碰撞性能的影响

为了评估舷侧液舱在大型撞击物下的抗碰撞特性,采用有限元法和简化理论法对典型球鼻艏在不同撞击速度和液舱水线工况下的舷侧外板和内板的抗破坏性能进行了分析。结果表明:舷侧水效应可以显著提升双舷侧结构的抗破坏性能,但是提升的幅度是有限的,而且水效应对外板的破坏作用力影响较小,对舷侧内板的破坏作用力影响较大;当球鼻艏撞击速度逐渐增高时,舷侧外板和内板的破坏作用力也逐渐增大,但增大速率逐渐降低,其中舷侧外板较舷侧内板的增大速率更快趋于平缓。对不同液舱水线的分析表明:舷侧液舱水线在受撞击的强框架以上时,对抗碰撞性能影响较小;当舷侧液舱水线在受撞击的强框架以下时,对舷侧外板的抗碰撞特性影响较小,但对舷侧内板的抗碰撞特性影响很大,并且随着球鼻艏碰撞速度的增高,不同水线位置对船舶抗碰撞性能的影响也随之增大。     

Production of Raw Starch-Saccharifying Thermostable and Neutral Glucoamylase by the Thermophilic Mold <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae</Emphasis> in Submerged Fermentation

Among physical and nutritional parameters optimized by “one variable at a time” approach, four cultural variables (sucrose, MgSO₄ ^.7H₂O, inoculum size, and incubation period) significantly affected glucoamylase production. These variables were, therefore, selected for optimization using response surface methodology. The p-values of the coefficients for linear effect of sucrose and inoculum size were less than 0.0001, suggesting them to be the key experimental variables in glucoamylase production. The enzyme production (34 U/ml) attained under optimized conditions (sucrose, 2%; MgSO₄ ^.7H₂O, 0.13%; yeast extract, 0.1%; inoculum size, 5 × 10⁶ spores per 50 ml production medium; incubation time, 48 h; temperature, 40°C; and pH 7.0) was comparable with the value predicted by polynomial model (34.2 U/ml). An over all 3.1-fold higher enzyme titers were attained due to response surface optimization. The experimental model was validated by carrying out glucoamylase production in shake flasks of increasing capacity (0.25–2.0 l) and 22-l laboratory bioreactors (stirred tank and airlift), where the enzyme production was sustainable. Furthermore, the fermentation time was reduced from 48 h in shake flasks to 32 h in bioreactors.     

Stabilized finite element method for flows with multiple reference frames

We present a space‐time finite element method capable of dealing with flows in multiple co‐rotating reference frames. Since equal order interpolation is used for all degrees of freedom, Galerkin/least‐squares stabilization is applied. We give a detailed derivation of the equations involved, introduce the variational form, present the stabilization parameters, and also discuss implementation issues. Numerical examples in 2D and 3D show generality and efficiency of the method, if steady‐state behavior of rotating components is sufficient for the CFD analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preconcentration of samples in sandwich tanks for continuous thin-layer chromatography

It is demonstrated that horizontai sandwich tank with two cover plates can be used to preconcentrate sample solutions. Narrow sharply-defined starting zones are obtained just outside the smaller cover plate when the series of spots of the sample solution are applied on the thin layer and predeveloped with a volatile solvent. After evaporation of the solvent, the whole area of the TLC-plate is covered with two plates and developed with a suitable solvent.     

The reactions of perfluorinated α- and β-alkoxyradicals with hydrogen chloride, chlorine and fluorine

The kinetics of the reactions of the macroradicals R_f′OCF₂ (I) and R_f′OCF₂CF₂ (II) with HCl, Cl₂ and F₂ have been studied in the liquid phase, being R_f′ a poly(oxydifluoromethylene-oxytetrafluoroethylene) chain with average molecular weight of about 10⁴ Da. Radical (I) showed a higher reactivity compared to radical (II) with all the three radical transfer agents.In case of HCl the activation energy for the reaction:

     

Finite element simulations of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 2: numerical results and validation

In Ma, Wu, Eatock Taylor [Finite element simulation of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 1: methodology and numerical procedure. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2001], designated Part 1 hereafter, we have developed the methodology and solution procedure for simulating the three‐dimensional interaction between fixed bodies and steep waves based on a finite element method (FEM). This paper provides extensive numerical results and validation. The effectiveness of the radiation condition is investigated by comparing the results from short and long tanks; the accuracy of the computed data is confirmed through comparison with analytical solutions. The adopted mathematical model is also validated by comparing the obtained numerical results with experimental data. Various test cases, including non‐linear bichromatic and irregular waves and the interactions between waves and one or two cylinders, are analysed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of M1A1 main battle tank disturbance on soil quality, invertebrates, and vegetation characteristics

Military training commonly results in land degradation, but protocols for assessing and predicting long-term environmental impact are lacking. An ability to assess the impact of repeated disturbance and subsequent recovery is needed to balance training requirements against environmental quality. To develop methodology for assessing soil quality, a study evaluating disturbance resulting from tank maneuvers was initiated on Fort Riley Military Installation, Kansas. The objectives were to identify and quantify soil-quality indicators on two soil types exposed to controlled tank traffic. We examined physical, chemical, and biotic indicators after treatments were applied during wet and dry soil conditions. A randomized complete-block design, with three blocks per soil type and three treatments per block, was used. Treatments consisted of disturbance created by a 63-ton M1A1 tank making five passes in a figure-8 pattern during either dry or wet soil conditions. The M1A1 was operated at a speed of approximately 8 km/h. Control plots received no tank traffic. Soil-quality indicators evaluated were soil compaction, soil penetration resistance, rut depth, soil bulk density, soil texture, soil chemical composition, plant biomass, soil microbial diversity, and nematode and earthworm taxa. Soil-quality indicators were sampled within one week after tank disturbance. Preliminary data indicate soil-texture-dependent treatment effects (p  0.05) for bulk density and porosity. Bulk density increased and porosity decreased on trafficked areas, in the silt loam soil, but showed no change in the silty clay loam soil. Disturbance during wet soil conditions raised penetrometer resistance and gravimetric water content more than disturbance during dry soil conditions (p  0.05). A significant difference in disturbance was measured between the outside and inside portion of the same track (p  0.01 and 0.001, respectively). The outside track caused the greatest amount of disturbance, as measured by the height of the disturbed soil ridge above the track bed. Tank disturbance significantly reduced total vegetative biomass (p  0.05) compared with that of un-trafficked areas. Disturbance under wet soil conditions significantly reduced grass biomass (p = 0.040), whereas disturbance under dry soil conditions significantly reduced forb biomass (p = 0.0247) compared to un-trafficked areas. Total earthworm abundance (p = 0.011) was reduced by 82% when disturbance occurred during wet soil conditions regardless of soil type.     

圆柱形弹性贮液容器基频近似计算法

在工业和工程领域中,广泛地应用圆柱形弹性薄壁贮液容器。在冲击或地震地面运动激励下,此种容器的变形,严格地说就遵循薄壳结构动力学规律。考虑到在水平地震作用下短圆柱形容器的变形,剪切效应起主导作用,因而可用剪切梁变形理论来近似地代替。对于盛有液体的贮液容器,因为激励引起的振动是耦联的,即液体中产生的液动压力与结构的变形有关,而结构的变形又受到液动压力的很大影响。欲寻求此种耦联体系的动力响应,必须对其动力特性进行分析。为此,本文根据Fischer“冲击质量”理论,提出了对圆柱形弹性贮液容器基频的近似计算方法。此方法概念清晰,计算简便,很便于工程上应用。     

高真空多层绝热容器真空丧失后传热研究综述

高真空多层绝热低温容器突然的真空丧失可能会引发重大的安全事故.文中综述了国内外研究者在高真空多层绝热低温容器突然的真空丧失方面的研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.