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171.
Sungeun ParkSoohyun Bae Hyunho KimSeongtak Kim Young Do KimHyomin Park Soomin KimSung Ju Tark Chang-Sik SonDonghwan Kim 《Current Applied Physics》2012,12(1):17-22
High efficiency solar cells require good back surface field passivation and high back reflectance in the rear Al region. In module processes, wafer-based solar cell can break through stress during soldering uneven rear aluminum surfaces - a serious problem that affects throughput. This work examined rear surfaces with respect to controllable process factors such as ramping and cooling rates during rapid thermal processing, and the fineness of aluminum powder used in the screen-printed paste. A faster ramp up rate resulted in a uniform temperature gradient between the aluminum and silicon surfaces. As a results, the bumps on the aluminum surface were small and of high density. Fine aluminum metal powder in the paste for screen-printing contact points resulted in large distribution, high density bumps. Bumps formed during cooling in metallization, their sizes and densities were dependent the on uniformity of the aluminum and silicon liquid wetting of the silicon surface. 相似文献
172.
Two series of samples were investigated: a) aluminum films with a sublayer of tantalum; b) industrial aluminum alloys AMg-2m;
D16; AMc; AD-1n. The optimum composition of re-anodizing electrolyte was chosen on the basis of a solution of citric acid
and ethylene glycol. The results of investigations of the sparking voltage at re-anodizing for various aluminum alloys and
thicknesses of primary porous oxide are presented. The analytical dependence of breakdown voltage value on forming voltage
value for alloy AD-1n was obtained. The original design of re-anodizing cell allowing increase of the sparking voltage was
developed. 相似文献
173.
The thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) response of Al2O3 dosimeters to high-energy heavy charged particles (HCP) has been studied using the heavy ion medical accelarator at Chiba, Japan. The samples were Al2O3 single-crystal chips, of the type usually known as TLD-500, and LuxelTM dosimeters (Al2O3:C powder in plastic) from Landauer Inc. The samples were exposed to 4He (150 MeV/u), 12C (400 MeV/u), 28Si (490 MeV/u) and 56Fe (500 MeV/u) ions, with linear energy transfer values covering the range from 2.26 to 189 keV/μm in water and doses from 1 to 100 mGy (to water). A 90Sr/90Y beta source, calibrated against a 60Co secondary standard, was used for calibration purposes. For OSL, we used both continuous-wave OSL measurements (CW-OSL, using green light stimulation at 525 nm) and pulsed OSL measurements (POSL, using 532 nm stimulation from a Nd:YAG Q-switched laser). The efficiencies (ηHCP,γ) of the different HCPs at producing OSL or TL were observed to depend not only upon the linear energy transfer (LET) of the HCP, but also upon the sample type (single crystal chip or LuxelTM) and the luminescence method used to define the signal—i.e. TL, CW-OSL initial intensity, CW-OSL total area, or POSL. Observed changes in shape of the decay curve lead to potential methods for extracting LET information of unknown radiation fields. A discussion of the results is given, including the potential use of OSL from Al2O3 in the areas of space radiation dosimetry and radiation oncology. 相似文献
174.
Dean M. Philipp William A. Goddard Michael J. Mullins Phillip S. Athey 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(28):5441-5444
We have been engaged in a search for coordination catalysts for the copolymerization of polar monomers (such as vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate) with ethylene. We have been investigating complexes of late transition metals with heterocyclic ligands. In this report we describe the synthesis of a symmetrical bis-thiadiazole. We have characterized one of the intermediates using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Several unsuccessful approaches toward 1 are also described, which shed light on some of the unique chemistry of thiadiazoles. 相似文献
175.
This article reviews recent discovery and progress of copolymerization of CO with cyclic monomers such as methylenecyclopropanes and propylene oxide promoted by transition metal complexes. 2-Aryl-1-methylenecyclopropanes react with CO in the presence of the Pd catalyst under mild conditions (1 atm, room temperature) to afford the polyketones. The reaction involves alternating insertion of the two monomers and opening of the three-membered ring of the cyclic monomers. Mechanistic study of the polymer growth revealed that 2-aryl-1-methylenecyclopropane undergoes 1,2-insertion into the Pd–acyl bond and subsequent -alkyl elimination of the cyclopropylmethylpalladium group. A bicyclic methylenecyclopropane, 7-methylenebicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, also reacts with CO in the presence of the Pd complexes with diimine ligands to afford the polyketone with six-membered rings in the repeating unit. The NMR spectra of the polyketone indicate the regulated tacticity of the monomer units. Co complexes and a mixture of Co and Ru complexes with carbonyl ligands promote the copolymerization of CO with propylene oxide in the presence of amine additives under CO pressure at 50 atm. Structures of the produced polyesters vary depending on the reaction conditions. 相似文献
176.
Rodolphe AbdayemGraziano Baccolini Carla BogaMagda Monari Simona Selva 《Tetrahedron letters》2003,44(13):2649-2653
The reaction between 4-nitroalkoxybenzenes 7 and PCl3/AlCl3, when carried out in appropriate molar ratio, gives a prevalent formation of diazenes 8 and 2,7-dialkoxyphenazines 9 with their new chlorinated derivatives 10-13. These compounds are obtained, in satisfactory yield, in a one-pot procedure, in mild conditions, from commercially available and safe starting materials. In this reaction both the reagents PCl3 and AlCl3 play a fundamental role in obtaining the products, and this method might be applicable to other 4-alkoxynitrobenzenes. 相似文献
177.
A study of the indentation size effect (ISE) in aluminum and alpha brass is presented. The study employs rate effects to examine the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the ISE. These rate effects are characterized in terms of the rate sensitivity of the hardness, , where H is the hardness and is an effective strain rate in the plastic volume beneath the indenter. can be measured using indentation creep, load relaxation, or rate change experiments. The activation volume V∗, calculated based on which can traditionally be used to compare rate sensitivity data from a hardness test to conventional uniaxial testing, is calculated. Using materials with different stacking fault energy and specimens with different levels of work hardening, we demonstrate how increasing the dislocation density affects V∗; these effects may be taken as a kinetic signature of dislocation strengthening mechanisms. We noticed both H and exhibit an ISE. The course of V∗ vs. H as a result of the ISE is consistent with the course of testing specimens with different level of work hardening. This result was observed in both materials. This suggests that a dislocation mechanism is responsible for the ISE. When the results are fitted to a strain gradient plasticity model, the data at deep indents (microhardness and large nanoindentation) exhibit a straight-line behavior closely identical to literature data. However, for shallow indents (nanoindentation data), the slope of the line severely changes, decreasing by a factor of 10, resulting in a “bilinear behavior”. 相似文献
178.
在气体流动管中对三氯化氮气体喷射自发分解的现象进行了初步实验研究。在一根长80 cm,直径4 cm的圆柱形石英玻璃管中,用喷嘴向气体流动管内喷射NCl3/He混合气体,观察到了NCl3喷射分解时的红色火焰。测量了火焰光谱并进行了归属,认为该光谱是Cl2(B→X)辐射跃迁。NCl3的喷射自发分解本质上是激波诱导发生的,即分子的动能转化为分子内能而引起的,生成的Cl原子及NCl2自由基与NCl3分子反应,从而得到持续燃烧火焰。实验结果表明了NCl3自发分解反应可代替放电或燃烧作为Cl原子的来源。 相似文献
179.
Melanie David Wilson Agerico Diño Hiroshi Nakanishi Naoki Ando 《Surface science》2007,601(22):5241-5245
The adhesion strength of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) on aluminum was investigated using density functional theory-based total energy calculations. Aluminum atom was connected to a PBT monomer at different orientations and total energies were calculated in order to determine the most stable orientation. The energy differences showed that the Al oriented at 180° with the ester group of the monomer bonded strongly. Using this orientation, the PBT monomer-adhesion on aluminum surface and the aluminum atom adhesion on PBT bulk were also investigated. 相似文献
180.
The self diffusion of Mn and Pd in a single grain icosahedral Al69.9Pd20.5Mn9.6 quasicrystal has been determined by low energy ion scattering (LEIS). The diffusion was determined by depositing different elements (Pd, Mn) on the surface and measuring the rate of change in surface composition as a function of temperature by LEIS. The surface composition was monitored over the temperature range of 355-575 K for Mn and 440-745 K for Pd and compared to model calculations to allow the activation energy for diffusion to be determined. Activation energies of 0.20 ± 0.01 eV for Mn and 0.64 ± 0.03 eV for Pd have then been measured for self diffusion in i-Al-Pd-Mn, respectively. No deviation from Arrhenius behavior was detected in the temperature range covered by the present experiments. From the low values of activation energy we propose that this range of diffusion is phason related, reflecting the specific nature of the icosahedral structure. 相似文献