退火处理对Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层的结构、硬度和摩擦学性能的影响

采用电刷镀技术,以Ni-Cr镀液制备了Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层并对其进行了退火处理;采用X射线衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜,能量色散谱仪分析了不同温度下退火处理的Ni-Cr纳米镀层的形貌以及结构;分别利用MH-5-VM型显微硬度计和CSM摩擦试验机测定了刷镀层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:镀层晶粒的大小均为纳米级,随温度变化不大,介于10~20 nm之间,在500℃以下,Cr以固溶体形式存在于Ni的晶格中,500℃以上Cr从Ni的晶格中析出;镀层的耐磨性随退火温度的变化与镀层的硬度随温度的变化大致相同:Ni-Cr刷镀层在400℃退火处理时,硬度最大,磨损率最小.     

An Exotic Phase Change in Dynamic Electrorheological Fluids

It is well known that constant or time-varying electric fields can induce phase changes in electrorheological(ER) fluids, from a liquid to semi-solid state, provided the field strength is larger than some critical value. We describe here an experimental and theoretical study considering yet a different class of phase changes, specifically those for an ER fluid in the presence of both shear flow and a time-varying electric field. We note that as the frequency of the field is decreased, the ER fluid will go from a liquid to an intermediate transition state, and eventually to a shear banding state. Our theoretical analysis further indicates that this phase change originates from competing effects of viscous and electrical forces. Ultimately, we conclude that it is possible to achieve various states and corresponding(desired)macroscopic properties of dynamic colloidal suspensions by adjusting the frequency of the externally applied electric field.     

瞬时环流反馈均流策略在EAST快控电源中的应用

在EAST 快控电源中采用瞬时环流反馈引入虚拟电阻的均流控制策略,可大大增加并联逆变器之间等效输出阻抗的实部,有效提高对环流低频分量的抑制能力。仿真和实验结果验证了该控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

Electric Field‐Aided Formation Combined with a Nanoimprinting Technique for Replicating a Plant Leaf

The surface of the taro plant leaf was replicated using a nanoimprinting technique (NIT) supplemented with an electric field. This field‐aided nanoimprinting method (FA‐NIT) consists of two steps: applying an electric field to a liquid polymer under the plant leaves and the curing process of the polymer with the applied electric field. An appropriate electric field was needed to induce the electrokinetic phenomena of a liquid polymer to obtain a good replicated surface. The roughness fabricated by the FA‐NIT was about 45% higher than the one prepared by NIT. The FA‐NIT method is a good supplementary technique to improve the quality of NIT.

     

线电荷与接地椭圆柱形导体系统的电势

利用保角变换将椭圆柱变换为圆柱,再由镜像法给出了线电荷与接地椭圆柱形导体系统的电势.     

基于Geant 4的介质深层充电电场计算

基于Geant4模拟了电子在Teflon介质中的电荷输运过程,获得了其内部的电流密度、剂量率和电荷沉积量沿深度的分布曲线,进而利用电荷连续性方程、泊松方程和深层俘获方程求解出Teflon中高能量、小束流电子辐照下的电场分布. 将介质平板充电过程简化为屏蔽铝板与分层介质组成的Geant4模型,电子源为1.0MeV,0.1pA/cm²的平面源. 通过记录经过各层介质的电子电量和各层介质内沉积能量和电子数目,用统计平均的方法获得了介质内电流密度、剂量率和电荷沉积量沿深度的分布规律. 介质内 关键词： 卫星 介质深层充电 Geant4 电场     

Study on the Relation Between Discharge Voltage and Magnetic Field Topography in a Hall Thruster Discharge Channel

The relation between magnetic field topography and operating voltage is investigated in a 1kW Hall thruster discharge channel in order to focus the ion beam effectively and optimize the performance. The curvature of magnetic field line (α) is introduced to characterize the differences of topologies. The optimized magnetic field distribution under each operating voltage is obtained by experiment. Through the curvature transformation, we find that the area of (α > 1) in the channel gradually decreases with the increase of the operating voltage. In response to the results above, two dimensional plasma flows are simulated employing Particle‐in‐Cell method. The distributions of the electric potential, ion density and ion radial velocity are calculated to understand the important influence of the relation above on ion beam focusing. The numerical results indicate that magnetic field curvature and thermal electric field control the ion beam in the ionization and acceleration zone, respectively. The magnetic field topography and discharge voltage interact with each other and together form the focusing electric field. The ion radial mobility is suppressed effectively and the ion beam is focused to the channel centerline. In addition, for a given voltages, when the area of (α > 1) is larger than the optimal scope, the electric potential lines excessively bend to the anode causing ion over focus; contrarily, the electric potential lines will bend to the exit and defocus ions. All these results suggest the relation between magnetic field topography and discharge voltage is important to the ion radial flow control and performance optimization of the Hall thruster (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Description of the transport critical current density behavior of polycrystalline superconductors as a function of the applied magnetic field

A model to describe the critical current density behavior of high-T_c polycrystalline superconductors is proposed for all magnetic field values. The main features of the model are as follows: the transport critical current density is controlled by the weak-link network at grain boundaries. The size distribution of weak links is well represented by a Gamma-type distribution. Finally, the tunneling critical current between grains follows a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern or a modified pattern if the applied magnetic field is lower or higher than the first critical field H_c1.     

Superconducting characteristics of (Bi, Pb)-2223 single crystals with controlled oxygen-content

Critical current density was measured for oxygen-controlled (Bi, Pb)-2223 single crystals before and after the irradiation with gold ions in a magnetic field parallel to the irradiation-induced defects along the c-axis. Eleven specimens prepared in different annealing conditions were measured. The condensation energy density of each specimen was evaluated from the observed critical current density by using the summation theory of pinning forces of columnar defects and the flux creep theory. It was found that the specimen heat-treated at 1 atm in oxygen atmosphere has the highest condensation energy density among all specimens. Hence, it is speculated that the optimum oxygen pressure for the anneal is around 1 atm.