Effect of pure and mixed solvents on the solubility, crystal growth and morphology of ethyl p-dimethylamino benzoate (EDMAB): An organic nonlinear optical material

The effects of pure and mixed solvents of ethanol and acetone on solubility, nucleation and growth of ethyl p-dimethylamino benzoate (EDMAB) were investigated. It was found that solubility of EDMAB increased as the volume ratio of acetone increased in the mixed solvent. Growth experiments were performed at 32 °C using pure and mixed solvents with different volume ratios of ethanol and acetone. Bulk single crystals of EDMAB were grown-in the experiment conducted using mixed solvent of 25% acetone and 75% of ethanol, whereas thin platelet crystal of EDMAB was obtained in the experiment conducted using pure ethanol. The acetone rich system resulted in uncontrolled nucleation with large number of tiny crystals, possibly due to high vapor pressure of acetone. The grown crystals were subjected to various analytical studies such as powder X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness, dielectric studies as a function of frequency and optical transmission and the powder Kurtz method.     

组合发电仪的制作

仪器应用生活中常见的材料,仅仅围绕物理学科知识,通过巧妙设计,组装出一系列发电机。旨在让学生明白各种发电机的工作原理,以及能量之间是如何相互转化的,培养学生节约能源,保护环境利用清洁能源的意识。此外本仪器制作简单,便于学生亲手制作,锻炼动手能力的同时,又可提高学习兴趣。     

Novel synthetic approach to alfaprostol key intermediates via Stille coupling with an alkyne

Novel intermediates based on the Corey skeleton for preparation of the ω-chain of non-halogenated unnatural prostaglandin analogues containing a triple bond at position 13–14 (PG numbering) were synthesized. The utilization of a novel synthetic approach towards a new tin intermediate, and subsequent Stille coupling opens up new possibilities for preparing these important pharmaceutical intermediates.     

Numerical study of induction heating in melt growth systems—Frequency selection

A set of 2D finite element numerical simulation of induction heating process for an oxide Czochralski crystal growth system has been made for a range of f=1–100 kHz applied frequency of driving current. It was shown that the frequency selection has a marked effect in all basic induction phenomena, including electromagnetic field distribution, skin depth, coil efficiency, and intensity and structure of heating in the growth setup.     

Diffusion in fluids with large mean free paths: Non-classical behavior between Knudsen and Fickian limits

Diffusion in fluids is analyzed at non-classical conditions, intermediate between the Knudsen and Fickian limits. The fluid is considered in the framework of the Einstein’s diffusion evolution equation involving expansions of the density distribution in powers of displacement and time. The standard truncation of these expansions results in the classical model of diffusion; however, higher-order terms lead to a departure from classical behavior. This has not been studied or discussed adequately in the literature previously.Here, we present an exact solution of the Einstein’s diffusion evolution equation without truncation of the density expansions. This solution illustrates limitations in the classical truncations and demonstrates non-classical effects due to large mean free paths, λ. In particular, this new solution shows that, at large λ, there are significant quantitative deviations from classical diffusion profiles. In addition, this solution demonstrates a dramatic change in the diffusion mechanism from the state where the molecular motions are predominantly ballistic to one of molecular chaos. This has implications for fundamentals of fluids between the Knudsen and Fickian limits, and for a variety of fields where evolution of a system includes random, multi-scale displacement of particles, such as nanotechnology, vacuum techniques, turbulence, and astrophysics.     

Difficulties in the growth and characterization of non-linear optical materials: A case study of salts of amino acids

In the crystallographic literature, there is an ever-increasing number of publications on crystals that are referred to as ‘new non-linear optical materials’, many of them reporting salts of amino acids. However, the term NLO material is used improperly in most cases. In fact, the establishment of any crystal species as such a material requires several experimental and computational procedures, which are seldom satisfied when characterizing a supposedly new species. Here, some frequent hazards and problems are addressed and observations of papers reporting amino acid compounds as supposedly new NLO materials are made.     

Wall shear stress and near-wall convective transport: Comparisons with vascular remodelling in a peripheral graft anastomosis

Fluid dynamic properties of blood flow are implicated in cardiovascular diseases. The interaction between the blood flow and the wall occurs through the direct transmission of forces, and through the dominating influence of the flow on convective transport processes. Controlled, in vitro testing in simple geometric configurations has provided much data on the cellular-level responses of the vascular walls to flow, but a complete, mechanistic explanation of the pathogenic process is lacking. In the interim, mapping the association between local haemodynamics and the vascular response is important to improve understanding of the disease process and may be of use for prognosis. Moreover, establishing the haemodynamic environment in the regions of disease provides data on flow conditions to guide investigations of cellular-level responses.     

Characteristics and design procedure of hyperbolic dies

Nozzle profiles capable of generating constant extensional strain rates are termed hyperbolic dies. When used in polymer extrusion, they exhibit greater potential in inducing and retaining polymer molecular orientation than conventional capillary dies. Most mathematical expressions found in the literature involve several processing variables in describing and designing such nozzle profiles. This report reveals that a hyperbolic die profile, although rather complicated, can be expressed with equations in terms of two ordinary geometrical parameters—the exit diameter and the hyperbolic length. This finding greatly simplifies the design procedure of hyperbolic dies. The extensional strain rate of a hyperbolic die can be related to the length-to-diameter ratio for any given exit diameter. Examples of various types of die profiles are presented and their constant extensional strain-rate characteristics are discussed.