空气中痕量铀的现场光度法测定

作为一种天然放射性金属元素,铀及其化合物可以地气为分散系,以气溶胶形式稳定存在并随空气迁移。气相中铀可经多种途径对人体造成放射性危害,而其浓度变化与该区域核能开发与利用有关。因此,对空气中铀的快速现场检测具有现实意义。采用普通气泵对低品位铀矿石上方的空气进行采样,并以2.0 mol·L-1硝酸溶液对气体进行吸收,向溶液中添加固体试剂包,对溶液中微量铀进行显色后以手持式光度计进行现场光度分析。结果表明：对于普通低品位铀矿石样品,空气中铀含量可用本方法检出,该方法多次测定的RSD为1.72%,其结果与ICP-MS分析结果一致。将该方法用于区分铀矿石和其他矿石,具有成本低廉,操作方便,结果准确可靠等优点。     

Intensification of heat transfer during mild thermal treatment of dry-cured ham by using airborne ultrasound

The application of power ultrasound (PuS) could be used as a novel technology with which to intensify thermal treatments using hot air. Mild thermal treatments have been applied to improve the soft texture of dry-cured ham caused by defective processing. In this regard, the aim of this study was to assess the kinetic intensification linked to the application of airborne PuS in the mild thermal treatment using hot air of dry-cured ham. For this purpose, vacuum packed cylindrical samples (2.52 ± 0.11 cm in diameter and 1.90 ± 0.14 cm in height) of dry-cured ham were heated using hot air at different temperatures (40, 45, 50 °C) and air velocities (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 m/s) with (22.3 kHz, 50 W) and without PuS application. Heat transfer was analyzed by considering that it was entirely controlled by conduction and the apparent thermal diffusivity was identified by fitting the model to the heating kinetics. The obtained results revealed that PuS application sped up the heat transfer, showing an increase in the apparent thermal diffusivity (up to 37%). The improvement in the apparent thermal diffusivity produced by PuS application was greater at high temperatures (50 °C) but negligible at high air velocities (6 m/s). Heating caused an increase in the hardness and elasticity of dry-cured ham, which would correct ham pastiness defects, while the influence of PuS on such textural parameters was negligible.     

An investigation of strong backflow events at the interface of air–water systems using large-eddy simulation

A large-eddy simulation of a counter-current gas–liquid flow is performed. At the flat interface where the different fluids meet, continuity of momentum and momentum fluxes are enforced following the work of Lombardi et al. [Direct numerical simulation of near-interface turbulence in coupled gas-liquid flow. Phys Fluids. 1996;8(6):1643–1665]. The increase in vertical vorticity fluctuations near the interface increases mixing, reducing the thickness of the inner region of the boundary layer. Such increase reduces shear while allowing for more frequent backflow motions in the inner region, being this phenomenon stronger on water. Due to the higher inertia of water these backflow motions are ultimately responsible for the streaky structure of shear stresses seen along the interface. The present study shows that such bimodality in the streamwise velocities is also seen in the angle distribution of vorticity relative to the interface, where such angles are linked to the presence of interface-connected and quasi-streamwise vortex cores. Finally, it is shown that backflow events on the interface shear stresses correlate with coupled ‘strong’ ejections in the near interface region despite the disparagingly different near-interface streamwise velocity distributions on the near interface boundary layers.     

一次人工触发闪电通道光谱结构分析

用无狭缝光谱仪获得了广东地区一次人工触发闪电首次回击过程的发射光谱,同时测量了回击电流峰值为18.3kA,回击持续时间为4.5ms。发现导线部分通道的发射谱线中存在407.5,419.0,425.3和517.9nm等激发能比较高的谱线,具有强闪电通道发射光谱的谱线结构,空气部分则具有弱闪电通道的谱线结构;导线部分与空气部分的基本谱线的相对强度差别较小,强闪电特征谱线相对强度相差非常大。通过对导线部分与空气部分谱线激发能等参数的分析,发现回击开始时,导线部分先导通道还未完全消失,回击脉冲电流对先导闪电通道等离子体进行了进一步激发,增加了等离子体的温度和密度,使得导线部分具有较高激发能的谱线被完全激发,相对于空气部分407.5,419.0,425.3和517.9nm等谱线的强度有较大程度的增加,造成导线部分通道与空气通道两种不同的光谱结构。通过光谱分析,获得了闪电通道不同部分的温度、电子密度等参数,发现导线部分通道的辐射特性不同于空气通道是导线部分通道发光亮度与电流相关性较差的原因。     

介孔炭表面性质对吸附去除低浓度氨性能的影响

室内环境中低浓度氨污染普遍存在,影响人的身体健康,而消除这些低浓度的氨相对困难。本文报道了一种适用于低浓度氨吸附去除的介孔炭材料,其性能明显优于经硝酸处理的活性炭材料。该介孔炭采用磷酸铝为硬模板制备,炭表面存在大量含氧官能团,研究显示炭表面羧基和内酯基在吸附氨过程中发挥着重要作用,它们作为酸性中心与氨发生化学作用,可以有效地捕获空气中低浓度的氨污染物。     

Theoretical and numerical analysis of the corneal air puff test

Ocular analyzers are used in the current clinical practice to estimate, by means of a rapid air jet, the intraocular pressure and other eye's parameters. In this study, we model the biomechanical response of the human cornea to the dynamic test with two approaches. In the first approach, the corneal system undergoing the air puff test is regarded as a harmonic oscillator. In the second approach, we use patient-specific geometries and the finite element method to simulate the dynamic test on surgically treated corneas. In spite of the different levels of approximation, the qualitative response of the two models is very similar, and the most meaningful results of both models are not significantly affected by the inclusion of viscosity of the corneal material in the dynamic analysis. Finite element calculations reproduce the observed snap-through of the corneal shell, including two applanate configurations, and compare well with in vivo images provided by ocular analyzers, suggesting that the mechanical response of the cornea to the air puff test is actually driven only by the elasticity of the stromal tissue. These observations agree with the dynamic characteristics of the test, since the frequency of the air puff impulse is several orders of magnitude larger than the reciprocal of any reasonable relaxation time for the material, downplaying the role of viscosity during the fast snap-through phase.     

水对锂交换低硅铝比八面沸石吸附性能的影响

研究了变压吸附空气分离制氧吸附剂——锂交换低硅铝比八面沸石LiLSX中残留水及从外部引入的水对吸附性能的影响.研究表明，在水合LiLSX经脱附后，当残留的水分子数目为0～32（个分子/晶胞）时， N2或O2的吸附量下降显著.原因是N2和O2的吸附主要依赖于处在SIII位置的32个锂离子.当水分子与SIII位置的Li＋结合时，就会阻碍N2或O2的吸附.而从外部引入的水分子与脱附残留的水分子相比，在相同水含量时对吸附量的影响较小，这是由于吸附位置的不均匀性以及水分子在沸石中的扩散行为所引起.在水扩散进入LiLSX内部的过程中，一部分水分子可以吸附在能量较低的位置上而不是吸附到最强的SIII位置上.     

The influence of air content in water on ultrasonic cavitation field

Cavitation is a complex physical phenomenon affected by many factors, one of which is the gas dissolved in the medium. Researchers have given some efforts to the influence of gas content on sonoluminescence or some specific chemical reactions in and around the bubble, but limited work has been reported about the influence on the ultrasonic cavitation field distribution. In this work, the intensity distribution of the ultrasound field in a cleaning tank has been measured with the hydrophone. After analysed and visualised by MATLAB software, it was found that the cavitation intensity distribution in degassed water was much better than that in tap water. And further study proved that degassing process can improve the cavitation effect dramatically both in intensity and scope. Finally, the cavitation fields in mediums with different gas content were measured and the specific influence of air content on cavitation field was discussed.     

Construction and calibration of a multipurpose instrument to simultaneously measure dose,voltage and half-value layer in X-ray emission equipment

This work reports on the development of a multipurpose instrument that simultaneously measures delivered dose (air kerma), peak voltage (kVp) and half value layer (HVL) in X-ray machines. The device will help control quality of X-ray equipment routinely used in diagnostic and interventional radiological procedures. The measuring device is equipped with several attenuating filters of different materials and thicknesses, and Gafchromic^® XR-QA2 radiochromic films are used as sensitive elements. The films are scanned after being irradiated and the resulting color intensities indicate a relationship between the degree of film darkening under each individual filter and the quantities of interest, i.e. air kerma, kVp and HVL. Comparing HVL values measured using the proposed multipurpose instrument with those of a reference standard ionization chamber, discrepancy reached 8.4%. As for the kVp evaluation, anomalous results were observed for low atomic number materials and small thicknesses, especially for peak voltages higher than 70 kVp. However, for materials with higher Z and reasonable thickness, the calibration curve R × kVp was quite satisfactory, being R the ratio between the color intensities obtained with two distinct filters. We have also observed a decrease in the influence of Tungsten characteristic radiation on the calibration curve. These results suggest that the proposed instrument may be satisfactorily used to routinely control quality of X-ray equipment, estimating the radiation dose resulting from the direct beam, the applied voltage across the electrodes and the half value layer.     

The effects of air temperature and humidity on the acoustic design of voice alarm systems on underground stations

Sound attenuation of air due to climatic conditions is often assumed to be constant and/or negligible in the electro acoustic design of voice alarm (VA) systems. However, air attenuation variations can be significant in large underground spaces and particularly as the frequency increases to the mid to high frequencies which are the most relevant to speech intelligibility. This investigation evaluates and quantifies the impact of the variability of the most influential climatic parameters, air temperature and relative humidity, on the performance of VA systems in underground stations. Computer simulations were employed to predict the effect of varying these climatic parameters on key performance metrics. Results demonstrated a significant increase in the values of reverberation time parameters with both temperature and humidity, at frequencies critical for speech intelligibility. Consequently the values of speech intelligibility related metrics decreased with rising temperatures and humidity. Hence, the study shows how ignoring temperature and humidity effects can lead to calculation errors in the design of VA systems. These errors could cause over-specification of the absorption required of surface materials, and the inaccurate prediction of acoustic and speech intelligibility related parameters.