Dynamic Behavior of Surfactants in Solution

Adsorption of various surfactants at the gas liquid interface is studied with equilibrium and dynamic surface tension measurements. The Wilhelmey plate method and maximum bubble pressure method are used for this study. Dynamic surface tension of solutions of different surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), polyoxyethylene glycol 4‐tert‐octyl phenyl ether (Triton X 100), poly‐oxyethylene(20) cetyl ether (Brij 58), and tetraethylene glycol mono‐n‐dodecyl ether (Brij 30), is measured at different concentrations. Adsorption of different surfactants is compared on the basis of equilibrium and dynamic behavior. Effectiveness and efficiency of different surfactants is found from equilibrium surface tension measurement. A new parameter is defined to quantify the dynamic behavior of adsorption, which gives the concentration of surfactant needed to reduce surface tension to half of its maximum reduction within a defined time available for adsorption. The dynamics of surfactant solution is quantified by using this parameter.     

Air sampling of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of ozone by solid-phase microextraction

Effects of ozone on air sampling of standard gas mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons were tested using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Standard concentrations of ozone ranging from 10 ppb (v/v) to 6400 ppm (v/v) were generated using an in-house built ozone generator based on corona discharge. Effects of temperature, discharge voltage, and oxygen flow on the ozone generation were tested. The working dc voltage had the greatest effect on generated ozone concentration and was proportional to the ozone concentration. Generation temperature and oxygen flow rate were inversely proportional to ozone concentrations. Produced ozone was mixed with standard benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) gas at less than 100 ppb (v/v). Air samples were collected with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) 100 microm SPME fibers and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS. Significant reductions of BTEX concentrations were observed. In addition, some products of BTEX-ozone-oxygen reactions were identified. SPME worked well as a rapid sampler for BTEX and BTEX-ozone-oxygen reaction products. No significant deterioration of the PDMS coating and no significant reduction of absorption capacity were observed after repeated exposure to ozone.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION WITH A COMPREHENSIVE CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL OF NITRATE, SULFATE, AND AMMONIUM AEROSOL DISTRIBUTIONS OVER EAST ASIA

The transport and chemical production processes of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over East Asia were investigated by use of the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling system coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS）. For the evaluation of the model＇s ability in depicting their 3-dimensional concentration distributions and temporal variations, modeled concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are compared with the observations obtained at a ground station in Japan in March 2001 and onboard of an aircraft DC-8 on 18 and 21 March 2001 during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific （TRACE-P） field campaign. Comparison shows that simulated values of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are generally in good agreement with their observed data, and the model captures most important observed features, and reproduces temporal and spatial variations of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosol concentrations reasonably well, e.g., the timing and locations of the concentration spikes of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are well reproduced, but large discrepancies between observed and simulated values are also clearly seen at some points and some times due to the coarse grid resolution and uncertainties of the emissions used in this study. This comparison results indicate that CMAQ is able to simulate the distributions of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols and their related species in the troposphere over East Asia reasonably well.     

瞬态空化泡演变过程的数值模拟

采用边界积分方程方法，对无粘流体中三个空化泡以及自由面附近二个空化泡相互作用的演变过程进行了数值模拟。计算中边界用二阶有限元离散，影响系数矩阵非对角线元素用六点高斯数值积分方法计算，对第一类、第二类完全椭圆积分用高次多项式近似，对计算系数矩阵对角线元素中遇到的奇异积分进行了特殊处理。结果表明，在不同的给定参数下，空化泡的溃灭形态各异，柱状射流和环形射流都有可能发生，使空化泡演变成双泡或环形泡。     

球状泡群内气泡的耦合振动

振动气泡形成辐射场影响其他气泡的运动, 故多气泡体系中气泡处于耦合振动状态. 本文在气泡群振动模型的基础上, 考虑气泡间耦合振动的影响, 得到了均匀球状泡群内振动气泡的动力学方程, 以此为基础分析了气泡的非线性声响应特征. 气泡间的耦合振动增加了系统对每个气泡的约束, 降低了气泡的自然共振频率, 增强了气泡的非线性声响应. 随着气泡数密度的增加, 振动气泡受到的抑制增强; 增加液体静压力同样可抑制泡群内气泡的振动, 且存在静压力敏感区(1–2 atm, 1 atm=1.01325×10⁵ Pa); 驱动声波对气泡振动影响很大, 随着声波频率的增加, 能够形成空化影响的气泡尺度范围变窄. 在同样的声条件、泡群尺寸以及气泡内外环境下, 初始半径小于5 μm 的气泡具有较强的声响应. 气泡耦合振动会削弱单个气泡的空化影响, 但可延长多气泡系统空化泡崩溃发生的时间间隔和增大作用范围, 整体空化效应增强.     

不同进风型式下气体冷却服中空气流动与换热的研究

根据气体冷却服的特点,对不同进风型式下气体冷却服中空气流动与换热进行研究。建立了进气口加设挡板层、进气口带均流器型和直吹型3种型式气体冷却服(服装夹层)中冷却空气流动过程的数学模型。对气体的流动过程进行分析,结果表明:不同的进风型式对气体冷却服空气层的温度分布状况、平均气流流速、平均温度、对流散热量影响较大;其中进气口加设挡板层的服装空气夹层温度分布最均匀,进气直吹型的平均气流流速最大,对流散热效果最好。研究结果为气体冷却服进一步的布风优化设计提供了理论和应用依据。     

基于波束形成的多类型多声源定位研究

为实现空压机多噪声源的准确定位,仿真对比了多种近场球面波多声源定位算法。基于时域波束形成,研究了相同声源平面、不同声源频率、不同声源纵向距离、不同声源强度下多声源定位以及声源频率、声源纵向距离和声源强度多因素联合的多声源定位仿真方法,模拟了更接近实际的噪声源类型。基于频域波束形成,仿真研究了1400 Hz,2400 Hz,3400 Hz,4400 Hz的多声源。分别利用互功率谱波束形成和除自谱的互功率谱波束形成,仿真研究了相干声源和不相干声源。开发了阵列声成像测试平台,运用频域波束形成和功率谱波束形成对空压机进行了定位试验研究。结果表明,1400 Hz下空压机的主要噪声源是气缸盖、空气滤清器和曲轴附近的机体,这可为空压机减振降噪改进设计提供依据。     

炸药水下爆炸能量输出特性试验研究

为了解炸药水中爆炸能量的输出特性,特别是冲击波能随距离的衰减规律,对有效比冲能进行了研究。经过理论推导发现,传统的有效比冲能计算公式仍然满足相似律。TNT炸药水下爆炸试验结果表明,炸药的有效比冲能、比气泡能和总能量的测量结果与经验公式计算结果吻合较好。通过对试验结果进行分析,拟合得到了有效比冲能随距离变化的趋势线。对比经验公式结果,发现在小药量试验中冲击波能随距离的衰减更明显。     

相干振动动力学和高分辨非线性光谱学：空气/二甲亚砜液体界面的比较

研究了空气/二甲亚砜界面C?H伸缩振动的自由诱导衰减的相干振动动力学和亚波数高分辨宽带和频振动光谱．对于特定分子体系,频率域光谱测量和时间域动力学测量原则上应获得相同的信息．但对具有耦合或者重叠在一起的若干振动模式的分子体系,通过时域或者频域测量以获取光谱和动力学信息细节均非易事．对于振动光谱并非过于复杂的空气/二甲亚砜界面,基于亚波数高分辨宽带和频振动光谱的频域测量较超快时域测量更有益于获取界面结构和相干动力学定量信     

大气对激光传输的影响

本文分析了激光传输过程中大气这一传输介质对其的影响,由大气的成分出发,采用辐射传输理论描述了大气介质的吸收和散射特性,着重分析了其中对辐射影响最大的两种因素,即大气消光和大气湍流。并建立了大气传输系统的传递函数模型。最后通过LOWTRAN模拟软件包对本文所得的模型进行评估。