利用PNA添加剂来调控钙钛矿薄膜结晶和覆盖率实现高效太阳能电池

钙钛矿薄膜形貌的控制是一个提高太阳能电池能量转换效率的关键问题,而引入添加剂是解决这一问题的一种有效而简便的方法。利用聚丙烯腈（PNA）作为CH₃NH₃PbI₃前驱体溶液溶剂添加剂,通过其浓度可以调控钙钛矿薄膜结晶和表面的覆盖率。本文通过SEM、XRD以及UV-Vis研究了PNA掺杂CH₃NH₃PbI₃钙钛矿薄膜后的表面形貌、结晶度和光学性能的变化。结果表明,通过添加少量的PNA可以优化钙钛矿薄膜的性能,其强烈影响薄膜的结晶过程,有助于形成均匀连续的薄膜,减少针孔,从而增强了钙钛矿层的覆盖率和光吸收。当PNA 的含量为1%（质量分数）时,钙钛矿太阳能电池的各项性能最佳,能量转换效率达到了8.38%。与未加PNA 的电池效率（1.31%） 相比,提高了540%。这些结果表明,PNA可以有效调控钙钛矿薄膜的晶体生长和薄膜形貌,在钙钛矿太阳能电池的大规模生产过程中是一种可以改善钙钛矿薄膜质量的有效添加剂。     

A Generalization of Entanglement to Convex Operational Theories: Entanglement Relative to a Subspace of Observables

We define what it means for a state in a convex cone of states on a space of observables to be generalized-entangled relative to a subspace of the observables, in a general ordered linear spaces framework for operational theories. This extends the notion of ordinary entanglement in quantum information theory to a much more general framework. Some important special cases are described, in which the distinguished observables are subspaces of the observables of a quantum system, leading to results like the identification of generalized unentangled states with Lie-group-theoretic coherent states when the special observables form an irreducibly represented Lie algebra. Some open problems, including that of generalizing the semigroup of local operations with classical communication to the convex cones case, are discussed. PACS: 03.65.Ud.     

The magnetocaloric effect and low temperature specific heat of SmNi

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in a magnetic SmNi sample was evaluated from magnetization and heat capacity measurements. The MCE phenomena in the vicinity of magnetic phase transitions in terms of magnetic entropy change, , and adiabatic temperature change, , are reported. Isothermal magnetization measurements at several temperatures around the transition were carried out and used for versusT calculations. A similar dependence of the magnetic entropy change was evaluated from heat capacity C_p(T) measurements under zero field and 5 T. The SmNi system provides magnetic refrigerants that induce an adiabatic cooling of about during the magnetization process with a field of 5 T in the temperature range of 35-45 K. The temperature dependence of C_p(T) is analyzed in terms of the magnetic and the lattice contributions.     

Thermal and magnetothermal properties of La0.5Pr0.5Mn2Si2

The thermal and magnetothermal properties of La_0.5Pr_0.5Mn₂Si₂ and isostructural LaFe₂Si₂ intermetallic compounds in the temperature range 4.5-303 K are reported with and without applied magnetic field. The electronic, lattice, and magnetic contributions to the heat capacity of La_0.5Pr_0.5Mn₂Si₂ are determined and analyzed. We have determined and from heat capacity experiments; the values are in line with those from the magnetization measurements. We conclude that in order to observe the anomaly in the heat capacity data around in the system, the transition around should occur in a narrow temperature interval.     

New bipartite coherent-entangled state in two-mode Fock space and its applications

A new bipartite coherent-entangled state (CES) is found which exhibits both coherent state and entangled state properties. The set of CESs constitute a complete and partly nonorthogonal representation. Using an asymmetric beamsplitter a experimental scheme to produce the CES is proposed. Applications of CESs in quantum optics are also presented.     

Electric and magnetic behaviour in double doped La2/3＋4x/3Sr1/3-4x/3Mn1-xMgxO3

The double-doped La2/3＋4x/3Sr1/3-4x/3Mn1-xMgxO3 samples with fixed Mn^3＋/Mn^4＋ ratio equal to 2/1 are investigated by means of magnetism and transport measurements. Phase separation is observed at temperature higher than T^onset c for x = 0.10 and 0.15. For x = 0.10, rather strong phase separation induces drastic magnetic random potential and results in the localization of carriers. Thus, the varlable-range hopping process dominates. For other samples, there is no or only weak phase separation above T^onset c. Thus, thermal activation mechanism is responsible for the high temperature transport behaviour. For x = 0.20 and 0.25, unexpected AFM behaviour is observed at low temperature. All these results are well understood by considering the special role of the ＂double-doping＂.     

钙钛矿太阳电池综述

基于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿材料(CH₃NH₃PbX₃)制备的太阳电池效率自2009年从3.8%增长到19.6%, 因其较高的光吸收系数, 较低的成本及易于制备等优势获得了广泛关注. 钙钛矿材料不仅可以作为光吸收层, 还可用作电子和空穴传输层, 以此制备出不同结构的钙钛矿太阳电池: 介孔结构、介观超结构、平面结构、无HTM层结构和有机结构. 除此之外, 钙钛矿材料制备方法的多样性使其更具吸引力, 目前已有一步溶液法、两步连续沉积法、双源共蒸发法和溶液-气相沉积法. 本文主要介绍了钙钛矿太阳电池的发展历程、工作原理及钙钛矿薄膜的制备方法等. 详细阐述了电池每一层的具体作用和针对现有的钙钛矿结构各层材料的优化, 最后介绍了钙钛矿太阳电池所面临的问题和发展前景, 以期对钙钛矿太阳电池有进一步的了解, 为制备新型高效的钙钛矿太阳电池打下坚实的基础.     

Macroscopic and local magnetic moments in Si-doped CuGeO 3 as determined by neutron and μSR studies

The temperature-concentration phase diagram of the Si-doped spin-Peierls compound CuGeO₃ is investigated by means of neutron scattering and muon spin rotation spectroscopy in order to determine the microscopic distribution of the magnetic and lattice dimerised regions as a function of doping. The analysis of the zero-field muon spectra has confirmed the spatial inhomogeneity of the staggered magnetisation that characterises the antiferromagnetic superlattice peaks observed with neutrons. In addition, the variation of the macroscopic order parameter with doping can be understood by considering the evolution of the local magnetic moment as well as of the various regions contributing to the muon signal. Received 6 September 2000 and Received in final form 29 January 2001     

La0.67Ca0.33MnO3单晶中Fe的掺杂提高本征磁电阻率和激活能的研究

La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃ and La_0.67Ca_0.33Mn_0.96Fe0.04O₃单晶的磁性和磁电阻特性。由于缺少晶粒间界，磁场对于自旋涨落的抑制作用更加明显，所以单晶中的磁电阻率比多晶的提高了两个数量级。通过Fe的掺杂，在40×10⁵A/m的磁场下，磁电阻率从3400%进一步提高到了17600%。通过对居里温度以上电阻率的小极化子模型拟和的结果，我们看到随着Fe的掺杂，激活能被提高。磁极化子激活能的增大可以更加局域电子，这可能是在Fe掺杂单晶中本征磁电阻率进一步提高的主要原因。