全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1737篇 |
免费 | 241篇 |
国内免费 | 33篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 878篇 |
晶体学 | 5篇 |
力学 | 58篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
数学 | 29篇 |
物理学 | 1038篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 21篇 |
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 57篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 34篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 65篇 |
2015年 | 50篇 |
2014年 | 66篇 |
2013年 | 117篇 |
2012年 | 59篇 |
2011年 | 62篇 |
2010年 | 82篇 |
2009年 | 146篇 |
2008年 | 156篇 |
2007年 | 175篇 |
2006年 | 129篇 |
2005年 | 70篇 |
2004年 | 76篇 |
2003年 | 90篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 63篇 |
2000年 | 54篇 |
1999年 | 55篇 |
1998年 | 45篇 |
1997年 | 38篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 19篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2011条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2003,35(12):991-997
In x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) the Auger parameter is often used to study the electronic properties of elements, particularly in insulator materials, because this parameter is assumed to be independent of charging effects. In this paper we report on subtle differences in sample structure and experimental conditions for which the sample potential may not remain constant during the measurements for some spectrometers or experimental arrangements; for such conditions the Auger parameter is not independent of charging. We compare a series of measurements with insulating plate substrates of Al2O3 on which different amounts of SnO2 and Au were deposited. X‐ray photoelectron spectra were collected for different conditions of the sample that was placed either grounded or left floating on a metallic sample holder during measurement. It is found that the Auger parameter is independent of the experimental conditions for Au but substantial differences were found for deposited SnO2. Surprisingly, measurement artifacts due to charging appeared in the Auger parameter for Sn when the sample holder was grounded but not when it was left floating. In the grounded samples differences up to 0.6 eV in the Auger parameter for Sn were found with respect to the actual value of this parameter measured with substrates where charging effects were not significant. Because no differences in peak broadening have been observed under different measurement conditions, it has been assumed that the shift was not caused by a conventional differential charging phenomenon. Considering the different response of the substrate and the deposited layer on stabilizing the charge when the sample is grounded, we have worked out a possible explanation to account for the observed artifacts. Instrumental specifications should be optimized very carefully, especially if (as here) relatively high charging shifts point to a non‐optimum self‐biasing of the surface potential at the insulating samples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
The type of interaction in quasi-binary system CuInSe2 (CIS)-CdSe was investigated using differential thermal and X-ray phase analysis methods. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on low-temperature (α) and high-temperature (γ) CIS modifications and CdSe (β) with chalcopyrite, sphalerite and wurtzite structures, respectively, were established in sub-solidus region at 620 K and 870 K. For certain compositions of solid solutions, the structure was refined using powder X-ray diffraction. A phase diagram of the CIS-CdSe system was constructed. A peritectic process L+β⇔γ takes place in the system at 1260 K. 相似文献
33.
34.
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic polystyrene block (PS) and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide)
block (PEO) with block sizes of 1000 or 3000 g/mol for both blocks were studied at the air/water and toluene/water interface.
Measurements of the film pressure π of spread monolayers at the water surface reveal two limiting regimes of the π−a
m isotherms, in which the mean molecular area a
m is determined either by the size of the hydrophilic or the hydrophobic blocks of the PS-PEO molecules. The interfacial activity
of the block copolymers at the toluene/water interface was studied by measuring the interfacial tension σ over a wide range
of concentrations. Pronounced differences in the temperature dependence of the interfacial tension were observed, depending
mostly on the block length of the hydrophilic PEO block. From the temperature dependence of σ it is inferred that for the
block copolymers with the PEO block size of 3000 g/mol the phase inversion temperature (PIT) is well above 60 °C while for
those with a PEO block size of 1000 g/mol the PIT is below or near 25 °C in the toluene/water system.
Received: 5 February 1998 Accepted: 16 February 1998 相似文献
35.
Interfacial layers have been widely applied to study the formation and stability of emulsion-based systems. However, the application of isolated interfaces to address digestibility of emulsions is often limited because of the complexity of experimental methods and results. This review summarizes the latest developments in analytical methods and literature data on effects of digestion on interfacial layers. Particular emphasis is given to understand the changes on interfacial magnitudes during oral, gastric, and duodenal digestion, either applied separately or sequentially. Limitations of interfacial aspects and key factors that influence emulsion microstructure in bulk and lipid digestion are identified. Understanding the behavior of interfacial layers upon gastrointestinal digestion promotes an accurate tracking of the physiological fate of emulsions. 相似文献
36.
C. C. Ling Y. Y. Shan B. K. Panda S. Fleischer C. D. Beling S. Fung 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1995,60(6):545-549
Recent positron lifetime studies made on the Au/GaAs interface with an applied electric field returning a significant fraction of bulk implanted positrons to the interface have revealed the presence of microvoids( 1 nm diameter) at the interface. In this work an attempt has been made to study these microvoids by observing the Doppler broadening on the annihilation radiation coming from them. This is done both by observing theS-parameter as a function of applied bias and by applying the generalized least-squares method to the deconvolution of the annihilation radiation lineshape. The general conclusion is that the Doppler-broadened data are consistent with the majority of positrons trapping into microvoids, probably associated with grain boundaries. The data suggest that these open volume defects are more associated with the Au film rather than the Au-Ga alloyed interfacial region.Paper presented at the 132nd WE-Heraeus-Seminar on Positron Studies of Semiconductor Defects, Halle, Germany, 29 August to 2 September 1994 相似文献
37.
Based on thermodynamic analysis of interfacial segregation, the segregation enthalpy H
o of a solute I in a given matrix was found to depend linearly on two mutually independent terms reflecting the type of interface and the solid solubility limit X
infI
sup*
at temperature T and can be written as In this equation, the structural dependence of interfacial segregation is contained in H
*() which corresponds to the extrapolated segregation enthalpy of a solute with unlimited solubility in the matrix. The product [Tln(X
infI
sup*
)] is essentially constant with temperature, and can therefore be obtained from data for maximum solid solubility, [Tln(X
infI
sup*
)]max. The parameter v>0 represents the relationship between the activity a
infI
sup*
of a solute at the bulk solid solubility limit in a given matrix and X
infI
sup*
, a
infI
sup*
=(X
infI
sup*
)
v
, and is characteristic for the matrix. Using recent experimental data for silicon, phosphorus, and carbon segregation at well-characterized grain boundaries in oriented bicrystals of -iron, the averaged value
was determined. Values of H
*() range from -8 kJ/mol (general grain boundaries) up to +8 kJ/mol (special grain boundaries). These values are discussed and used for a more precise and generalized construction of grain boundary segregation diagrams of -iron. 相似文献
38.
Some polymer melts (of high viscosity ) can wet completely the surface of a non miscible, simple liquid. We discuss here the laws of spreading for a macroscopic droplet of this type, when the internal friction of the droplet dominates. We predict a droplet radius increasing liket
1/4 wheret is the spreading time, or equivalently a droplet curvature decreasing liket
–1. The droplet should be surrounded by a precursor film, which is not discussed in the present note. 相似文献
39.
The amplitude
0 of the interfacial free energy per unit area (or surface tension) of the body-centered-cubic Ising model is found using a direct monte carlo simulation technique. The combination
2/kBTc, where is the correlation length, is shown to agree within the precision of the simulations with a previously reported estimate for the simple cubic lattice. Evidence is also presented for the universality of the finite-size scaling amplitude for the surface tension. 相似文献
40.