热端温度对高频微型非金属脉冲管制冷机性能影响的实验研究

热端温度对小制冷量的微型脉冲管制冷机的性能有着较为显著的影响.本文针对所设计的两台高频微型同轴非金属脉冲管制冷机,实验研究了制冷机冷端无负荷最低温度和轴向导热损失随热端温度的变化规律.实验对其影响幅度进行了量化分析,并发现通过降低热端温度的方法可以对样机制冷机性能起到很好的促进作用.     

B,N共掺杂的In2O3/TiO2制备与光催化产氢性能研究

为拓宽TiO₂的光吸收范围以及提高光生载流子的利用率,本工作利用B,N共掺杂改性的方法,通过聚合物前驱体法设计并制备了In₂O₃改性的TiO₂光催化剂.在前驱体合成中引入了聚乙二醇（PEG）作为致孔剂.PEG在前驱体转化为无机氧化物的热处理过程中分解离去、形成介孔等不同尺度的孔隙,提高了样品的比表面积.异质结结构在产物中得到有效构筑,带隙宽度由P25的3.09 eV缩窄至2.71 eV（样品IT-500,500℃退火产物）.B,N掺杂进入TiO₂晶格内,形成了Ti-N-B和Ti-O-B结构,同时也存在N的填隙掺杂,有助于带隙的缩窄、并拓宽可见光吸收范围.In₂O₃/TiO₂异质结结构的构筑,促进了电子-空穴对的分离与转移,提高了光生载流子的利用率.在大于380 nm可见光的照射下,样品IT-500的可见光催化产氢速率达到了5961 μmol·g^-1·h^-1,催化剂经过分离回收后进行循环实验,仍能保持良好的光催化活性.为了进一步提高其回收性,利用气纺丝制备了B,N掺杂的In₂O₃/TiO₂纳米纤维棉,在最佳焙烧温度500℃下,所获得的纤维棉状光催化剂的氢气产生速率达到1186 μmol·g^-1·h^-1,纤维棉简化了回收再利用的过程,经过5次循环实验后仍能达到初始产氢速率的97%.     

非金属掺杂石墨相氮化碳光催化的研究进展与展望

Since Fujishima and Honda demonstrated the photoelectrochemical water splitting on TiO₂ photoanode and Pt counter electrode, photocatalysis has been considered as one of the most promising technologies for solving both the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage. This process can effectively use solar energy, the most abundant energy resource on the earth, to drive various catalytic reactions, such as water splitting, CO₂ reduction, organic pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis, for energy generation and environmental purification. Except for the various metal-based semiconductors, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal oxynitrides, developed for photocatalysis, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted significant attention in the recent years because of its earth abundancy, non-toxicity, good stability, and relatively narrow band gap (2.7 eV) for visible light response. However, g-C₃N₄ suffers from insufficient absorption of visible light in the solar spectrum and rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Until now, various strategies have been developed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄, including element doping, nanostructure and heterostructure design, and co-catalyst decoration. Among these methods, element doping has been found to be very effective for adjusting the unique electronic and molecular structures of g-C₃N₄, which could significantly expand the range of photoresponse under visible light and improve the charge separation. Especially, non-metal doping has been well investigated frequently to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. The non-metal dopants commonly used for the doping of g-C₃N₄ include oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), boron (B), and halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) and also carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (for self-doping), as they are easily accessible and can be introduced into the g-C₃N₄ framework through different physical and chemical synthetic methods. In this review article, the structural and optical properties of g-C₃N₄ is introduced first, followed by a brief introduction to the modification of g-C₃N₄ as photocatalysts. Then, the progress in the non-metal doped g-C₃N₄ with improved photocatalytic activity is reviewed in detail, with the photocatalytic mechanisms presented for easy understanding of the fundamentals of photocatalysis and for guiding in the design of novel g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. Finally, the prospects of the modification of g-C₃N₄ for further advances in photocatalysis is presented.     

蓄冷器填料非金属化后性能变化的机理分析

从蓄冷填料的体积比热容和热穿透深度两方面入手,对脉冲管制冷机蓄冷器非金属化后的性能变化进行了系统的机理分析。理论分析显示,蓄冷填料的非金属化恶化了蓄冷器的性能,并在一定程度上制约了脉冲管制冷机的微型化和高频化。本文同时对理论分析进行了简要的实验验证。     

液态Hg－Na和Te－Se合金电输运性质及金属－非金属转变的研究

系统测量了液态Ｈｇ－Ｎａ及Ｔｅ－Ｓｅ合金的电阻率和热电势，发现液态Ｈｇ－Ｎａ合金的电阻率随成分变化虽有反常行为，但没有金属－非金属转变；而液态Ｔｅ－Ｓｅ合金的电阻率随成分变化并无反常出现，但当Ｓｅ成分大于３０％（ａｔ．）时，出现金属一非金属转变．本文考虑了液态Ｈｇ－Ｎａ合金中有Ｈｇ２Ｎａ瞬时短程序形成的因素，采用Ｆａｂｅｒ－Ｚｉｍａｎ理论，计算了液态Ｈｇ－Ｎａ合金的电阻率，计算结果与上述实验测量值符合很好．同时也定性解释了液态Ｈｇ－Ｎａ合金热电势极小值及液态Ｔｅ－Ｓｅ合金在大于３０％（ａｔ．）Ｓｅ时出现金属－非金属转变的原因．     

失配的Lewis对:非金属催化氢化的新策略

“失配的Lewis对”(Frustrated Lewis Pairs,FLPs)作为有机化学领域的新概念,在非金属活化H2,CO2和NH3等小分子方面的研究和应用格外引人注目.以“失配的Lewis对”为催化剂,直接以氢气作为氢源,非金属催化氢化还原醛、烯胺、亚胺、腈和二氧化碳等获得了很好的结果.手性“失配的Lewis对”(Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pairs,Chiral FLPs)在不对称催化氢化还原亚胺的反应中也呈现出较高的光学选择性,产物胺的对映体过量最高达83％ ee.综述了近几年“失配的Lewis对”在非金属催化氢化研究领域的进展情况.     

钙钛矿锰氧化物La_(2/3)Sr_(1/3)Fe_xMn_(1-x)O_3的结构与磁性研究

本文利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了名义成分为La_(2/3)Sr_(1/3)Fe_xMn_(1-x)O_3(x=0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5)的系列样品,样品先后经过773,873,1073 K热处理,热处理时采用缓慢升温方式,X射线衍射分析表明,该系列样品均为单相钙钛矿结构,空间群为R3c,利用X'Pert HighScore Plus软件计算了样品的晶粒尺寸、晶格常数、晶胞体积及键长、键角,利用物理性能测量系统测量了样品的磁性,发现样品在10K的磁矩随掺杂量的增加而减小,但存在两个明显不同的变化区域:从x=0到x=0.2时,平均每个分子的磁矩从2.72μB迅速下降到0.33μB,居里温度从327 K下降到95 K,下降了232 K;而从x=0.2到x=0.5时,平均每个分子的磁矩从0.33μB缓慢下降到0.05μB,居里温度从95K下降到46K,只下降了49K,我们认为Fe与Mn离子磁矩反平行是样品磁矩随Fe掺杂量增加而下降的原因之一。     

DDQ/TFA： an Efficient Nonmetallic Reagent System for the Oxidative Coupling to Construct Phenanthrene Rings

A mild synthetic method of a series of phenanthrenes with different substituents on the phenanthrene ring is described.The method involves intramolecular oxidative coupling with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone （DDQ）/trifluoroacetic acid（TFA） as oxidant to produce phenanthrenes in high yields and is fit for large-scale preparation.Furthermore,DDQ can be regenerated by a simple oxidation.The present approach solves a key step for the synthesis of polycyclic structures related to an alkaloid tylophorine.     

二维硼碳基纳米结构上的吸附及其性质

综述金属原子与非金属原子和分子在石墨烯、BC₃平面等二维硼碳基纳米结构上的吸附所表现出的各种物理性质及可能的应用.纯净的石墨烯为零带隙的半金属、无磁且自旋轨道耦合效应非常弱,BC₃平面为间接带隙半导体,但金属原子与非金属原子和分子的吸附可能使石墨烯体系在Dirac点处打开带隙、具有强自旋轨道耦合效应,可能使石墨烯体系与二维BC₃体系具有磁有序、超导电性及应用在氢存储上.另外石墨烯表现出非常好的分子探测性能.     

玻璃纤维增强型复合材料圆筒高温高压动态冲击断口形貌分析

为了探究埋头弹火炮所用的玻璃纤维增强型(GFR)复合材料药筒在高温高压瞬态冲击条件下的结构强度,分别开展了圆筒静态整体拉伸和动态高温高压冲击实验,从拉伸/瞬态超高压破坏试样断口部分截取断口样品,在扫描电子显微镜下观察断口形貌,得到GFR复合材料在两种不同受力情况下的失效模式。结果表明:室温整体单轴拉伸断裂时,GFR复合材料的断面与轴线夹角接近45°, 失效模式为环氧树脂基体破坏和纤维拔出;在高压瞬态冲击作用下,试样主要失效模式为纤维的脆性断裂,同时由于火药燃烧产生的高温燃气使部分环氧树脂基体碳化,纤维与基体界面结合力降低,少数纤维熔融或软化附着在断口上,部分软化的纤维因瞬态超高压被拉细。