Effects of modulation amplitude and frequency of frequency-modulated fiber lasers on the threshold of the stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fiber

Stimulated Brillouin scattering （SBS） is a key problem with the increasing power of fiber transmission systems. In this letter, a frequency-modulated fiber laser with an ultra-narrow linewidth is chosen as a light source. The SBS threshold is increased from 4.1 to 6.2 mW at 13-MHz frequency modulation amplitude for a 50-km G652 fiber. We also show that the SBS threshold increases with not only the frequency modulation amplitude, but also the modulation frequency. The modulation frequency should be high enough for effective modulation.     

Chaotic dynamics of active optical fiber ring resonator with optical injection

We experimentally obtain the route from period doubling to chaos in an active optical fiber ring resonator （AOFRR） with optical injection. The results show that the AOFRR is sensitive to external optical injection and demonstrate various dynamic characteristics. Meanwhile, the change of the injection strength can cause the output of the AOFRR to become periodic or chaotic. It can be confirmed that all the dynamic characteristics of the system are due to the interaction of the semiconductor laser with the erbium-doped fiber amplifier （EDFA）.     

Simultaneous multichannel NRZ-to-RZ format conversion of 4-ASK signal based on phase-intensity hybrid modulation and dispersion compensation fiber

We propose and investigate a novel technique to realize non-return-to-zero （NRZ） to return-to-zero （RZ） format conversion of a multichannel 4-ary amplitude shift keying （4-ASK） signal. The proposed format converter composed of two modulators and a dispersion compensating fiber （DCF） is theoretically inves-tigated using numerical simulation as basis. Research shows that a 4-channel 20-Gb/s NRZ-4-ASK signal can be converted to a RZ-4-ASK signal simultaneously without wavelength shifting and signal quality degradation, with the converted signal multiplexed to 40 Gb/s.     

Controlling Entanglement Dynamics by Choosing Appropriate Ratio between Cavity-Fiber Coupling and Atom-Cavity Coupling

The entanglement characteristics including the so-called sudden death effect between two identical twolevel atoms trapped in two separate cavities connected by an optical fiber are studied. The results show that the time evolution of entanglement is sensitive not only to the degree of entanglement of the initial state but also to the ratio between cavity-fiber coupling （v） and atom-cavity coupling （g）. This means that the entanglement dynamics can be controlled by choosing specific v and ft.     

Narrow Linewidth Tm^3＋-Doped Large Core Fiber Laser Based on a Femtosecond Written Fiber Bragg Grating

A diode laser （LD） clad-pumped narrow linewidth all-fiber Tm^3＋-doped fiber laser is reported with a maximal output power of 27W at 1.947μm. By successively splicing an LD pigtail fiber, a single-mode Tm^3＋-doped fiber, and a multi-mode Tm^3＋-doped fiber, the fiber laser has 70pm narrow linewidth output, and a high slope efficiency of nearly 47.5% with respect to the launched pump power. The high reflectivity fiber Bragg gratings, which are directly written into the single-mode Tm^3＋-doped fiber core by the 800nm femtosecond pulsed laser, act as the high reflectivity coupler. The output laser has diffraction-limited beam quality with a factor M^2 of 1.29, when the output laser power is nearly 27W.     

Multi-Atom Entanglement Engineering in Distant Cavities via Resonant Interaction

We propose a scheme for the generation of entangled states for multiple atoms trapped in three distant cavities connected by two identical single-mode fibers. Compared with the previous schemes, the distinct advantages of the proposed scheme are： First, all the cavities in the proposed protocol can interact with each other freely, which is important in quantum communication and distributed quantum computation. Secondly, in the scheme, the atoms, cavities, and fiber mode are in resonance. Thus, the required interaction time is short, which is important in view of decoherence. In principle, the proposed scheme can be extended to generate n atoms entangled states.     

FM-AM Conversion Induced by Polarization Mode Dispersion in Fiber Systems

The conversion of the frequency modulated pulse induced from frequency modulation （FM） to amplitude modulation （AM） by the polarization mode dispersion （PMD） is theoretically and experimentally investigated. When there is no polarizer at the output end of a fiber system, the amplitude modulation depth is stable by 8%. Random amplitude modulation is observed when a polarizer is placed at the output end of the fiber system. The observed minimum and maximum modulation depths in our experiment are 5% and 80%, respectively. Simulation results show that the amplitude modulation is stable by 4% induced mainly by group velocity dispersion （GVD） when there is no polarizer, and the amplitude modulation depth displays the random variation character induced by the GVD and PMD. Lastly, a new fiber system scheme is proposed and little amplitude modulation is observed at the top of the output pulse.     

Coherent Beam Combining of Two Fiber Amplifiers Seeded by Multi-Wavelength Fiber Laser

Multi-wavelength seed laser can mitigate stimulated Brillouin scattering （SBS） and improve the output power of the narrow-linewidth fiber amplifier. In this present study~ coherent combining of two fiber amplifiers seeded by a multi-wavelength laser is proposed and demonstrated using stochastic parallel gradient descent （SPGD） algorithm. The long-exposure visibility of the far field interference pattern is increased from 0.15 to 0.97 when the system evolves from open-loop to closed-loop. The feasibility of coherent combining of fiber amplitlers seeded by multi-wavelength seed laser is validated.     

Theoretical Study on a Cluster-Seven-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber with High Nonlinearity and High-Power Endurance

We present a novel cluster-seven-core photonic crystal fiber which possesses high nonlinearity and supports the high-power pumping. Its nonlinearity coefficient and effective mode area are calculated by the full vector multipole method. Compared with the single core PCF, the cluster-seven-core photonic crystal fiber can support high-power beam transmitting in the core, and simultaneously has high nonlinearity. This kind of photonic crystal fiber can be applied to the photoelectron-device field.     

Three-Dimensional Mode Coupling around a Conical Seamount and the Use of Random Discretization

Three-dimensional mode coupling around a conical seamount in an ocean waveguide is studied. It is shown that strong mode coupling occurs at the edge of a conical seamount for the incident normal modes with significant amplitudes below the top of the seamount. Therefore, mode coupling is critical for the investigation of the acoustic field around a seamount. In addition, we suggest the use of random discretization for representing smoothly varying bathymetry. For the use of uniform discretization, when the horizontal step size is greater than half of the wavelength, artificial diffraction lobes appear due to coherent backscatter. However, by using the random discretization scheme instead, such artificial diffraction lobes are diffused, resulting in a faster convergence rate.