Cu-Ni-Al和Cu聚能射流侵彻后钢靶的毁伤特征

为了对比分析Cu-Ni-Al反应聚能射流和惰性Cu聚能射流对45钢靶的宏观侵彻特性和靶板的微观组织特征,分别进行了Cu-Ni-Al和Cu药型罩的侵彻实验,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能量色散光谱仪和Vickers显微硬度测量系统对回收钢靶进行表征。实验结果表明:Cu-Ni-Al反应射流对45钢的穿深与Cu射流相比明显降低,但其平均入口孔径提高了33.3%。两种聚能射流侵彻作用下钢靶中均存在残余射流区、白色区(马氏体和奥氏体的混合物)和变形区。与Cu射流相比,Cu-Ni-Al反应射流孔壁残余射流区的硬度值提高了34 MPa,孔壁尾部白色区的硬度值增加了95 MPa,其孔壁头部白色区的硬度值降低了28 MPa。两种聚能射流孔壁尾部白色区的硬度值均高于头部。研究结果可为评估反应材料药型罩聚能装药战斗部的毁伤效应提供一定的参考。     

坩埚下降法生长钨酸镉晶体的闪烁性能

以高温固相反应合成CdWO4多晶为原料,采用垂直坩埚下降法生长出大尺寸完整CdWO4晶体,就所生长CdWO4晶体进行了闪烁发光性能的测试表征,包括紫外可见透射光谱、光致发光光谱、光致发射衰减时间、X射线激发发射光谱、相对光产额以及γ射线辐照硬度.结果表明,该单晶在可见光区具有良好的光学透过性,其光致发光与X射线激发发射光的峰值波长位于475 nm左右,其光致发射衰减时间为842 ns;以CsI∶Tl晶体为基准样品,测得γ射线激发发光的光产额相当于基准样品的51.5％～57.4％,在γ射线辐照条件下其辐照硬度达107 rad.     

ZrO2含量对Ni-Co-ZrO2复合镀层显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响

以硫酸镍、硫酸钴和氧化锆为主要原料,采用脉冲沉积技术在Q235钢基体表面沉积了Ni-Co-ZrO2复合镀层,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪分别观察和表征了复合镀层的显微形貌、成分组成和相结构,并对Ni-Co-ZrO2复合镀层的显微硬度和耐磨性进行了研究.结果表明:ZrO2颗粒弥散分布于Ni-Co合金中,基体与镀层界面处无孔隙、裂纹等缺陷,镀层厚度约为60μm;镀态下Ni-Co-ZrO2复合镀层基质合金为晶态结构,主要生长晶面为Ni(111)和Co (110),XRD衍射图谱呈现出低强度、大峰宽和多晶向的相结构特征.随着镀层内ZrO2颗粒含量的增加,Ni-Co-ZrO2复合镀层的显微硬度呈现先提高后降低、磨损量先减少后增加的趋势,当ZrO2含量为20 g/L时,复合镀层的硬度最高、磨损量最少,磨痕形貌呈现出轻微磨损.     

Effects of cold rolling deformation on microstructure,hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.     

Elastic and thermodynamic properties of vanadium nitride under pressure and the effect of metallic bonding on its hardness

By the particle-swarm optimization method, it is predicted that tetragonal P42mc, 141md, and orthorhombic Amm2 phases of vanadium nitride （VN） are energetically more stable than NaCl-type structure at 0 K. The enthalpies of the predicted three new VN phases, along with WC, NaC1, AsNi, CsCl type structures, are calculated each as a function of pressure. It is found that VN exhibits the WC-to-CsCl type phase transition at 256 GPa. For the considered seven crystal- lographic VN phases, the structures, elastic constants, bulk moduli, shear moduli, and Debye temperatures are investigated. Our calculated equilibrium structural parameters are in very good agreement with the available experimental results and the previous theoretical results for the NaC1 phase. The Debye temperatures of VN predicted three novel phases, which are all higher than those of the remaining structures. The elastic constants, thermodynamic properties, and elastic anisotropies of VN under pressure are obtained and the mechanical stabilities are analyzed in detail based on the mechanical stability criteria. Moreover, the effect of metallic bonding on the hardness of VN is also investigated, which shows that VNs in P42mc, 141md, and Amm2 phases are potential superhard phases. Further investigation on the experimental level is highly recommended to confirm our calculations presented in this paper.     

轮轨材料硬度匹配性能试验研究

利用滚动磨损试验机研究了车轮钢与U71 Mn热轧钢轨的硬度匹配性能,分析了不同硬度车轮与U71 Mn钢轨匹配时的摩擦磨损与表面损伤行为.结果表明:车轮硬度对轮轨试样滚动摩擦系数基本无影响;随车轮硬度增加,车轮磨损量呈下降趋势,钢轨磨损量表现为线性增加,轮轨总磨损量呈先降低后增加的趋势,轨轮硬度相同时轮轨系统总磨损量达到最小.车轮硬度对车轮和钢轨试样表面损伤形貌有一定影响,车轮硬度低时车轮表面损伤以麻点式剥落损伤为主,随车轮硬度增加试样表面发生大块剥落损伤,对摩副钢轨试样主要表现为表面剥落损伤机制.     

水分对猪牙表面硬度和摩擦系数的影响

本文采用猪牙为研究对象,通过干燥和浸泡处理来控制猪牙釉质中的水分含量,利用维氏硬度仪和纳米压痕/划痕仪,研究了水分对离体生物硬组织力学性能和摩擦学特性的影响.结果表明:水含量能引起猪牙釉质表层硬度和摩擦系数的恢复性变化.猪牙表层硬度会随着水分的减少而升高,在水分再次增加后回落.猪牙表面摩擦系数随着水分的减少而降低,在水分再次增加后回升.     

含氟丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物的制备及其表面性能的研究

研究了聚合工艺、含氟丙烯酸酯类单体种类和用量、苯乙烯和自由基引发剂用量及硅烷偶联剂、催化剂等因素对含氟丙烯酸酯-乙烯共聚物表面性能的影响。结果表明：聚合工艺、含氟丙烯酸酯类单体种类和用量对共聚物表面的憎水性能有显著的影响;采用延时滴加含氟丙烯酸酯类单体可提高共聚物膜表面的憎水性;随含氟丙烯酸酯类单体侧链含氟烷基的链长和氟原子数及含氟单体用量的增加,共聚物水接触角增大,吸水率下降;共聚物薄膜的硬度则与含氟丙烯酸酯类单体中α-取代基、侧链含氟烷基的链长和用量、苯乙烯用量、引发剂浓度等相关;硅烷偶联剂和催化交联剂的加入可提高共聚物薄膜的强度。     

基片偏压对MCECR溅射硬碳膜特性的影响

采用封闭式电子回旋共振(MCECR)氩等离子体溅射碳靶的方法在硅片上沉积了高质量的硬碳膜, 膜层厚度约40 nm. 使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析了碳膜结构,并用POD摩擦磨损仪测试了碳膜的摩擦磨损特性,用纳米压入仪测试了碳膜的纳米硬度.详细研究了基片偏压对碳膜的结构、摩擦磨损特性以及纳米硬度的影响,得到了最佳基片偏压.     

概念密度泛函理论及近来的一些进展

概念密度泛函理论(又称密度泛函活性理论或化学密度泛函理论)是密度泛函理论(DFT)的化学活性理论. 本文对其理论框架和最新进展进行了概述, 包括电负性、硬度、软度、福井函数、亲电性, 及其从这些概念中得到的原理. 介绍了二元描述符和立体效应定量描述的新进展, 并对今后的发展作出了展望.