VmTi和KnV0.04Ti担载氧化物催化剂的表征与催化燃烧柴油炭黑的性能

用FTIR和UV-Vis研究了2个系列不同V和K负载量的VOx/TiO2和K-VOx/TiO2催化剂结构的变化;并使用程序升温氧化反应技术对这两种催化剂催化柴油炭黑燃烧活性进行了考察.结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04时,催化剂活性最好(tm=389℃).添加K能显著改善VOx/TiO2催化剂活性,n(K)∶n(V)∶n(Ti)=0.04∶0.04∶1时,炭黑燃烧的反应温度最低(tm=343℃).FTIR和UV-Vis结果表明,当VOx/TiO2催化剂n(V)∶n(Ti)>0.04∶1时,催化剂表面有V2O5形成,由于V2O5氧化能力较弱,因而催化剂的活性反而降低.而当K-VOx/TiO2催化剂中n(K)∶n(V)达到1∶1时,由于形成的KVO3物种与TiO2载体有很好的协同作用,所以催化剂活性最好.     

Ce0.67Zr0.33O2对CH4燃烧催化剂Fe2O3/Al2O3的改性作用

固定n(Ce)/n(Zr)比为0.67/0.33,用共沉淀法制得一系列CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3固溶体.采用这些固溶体作载体,以Fe2O3为活性组分,用浸渍法制备了一系列催化剂.BET结果显示,将适量Ce0.67Zr0.33O2引入到Al2O3载体中有助于催化剂保持较高的比表面积.TPR结果显示,载体中引入适量的Ce0.67Zr0.33O2可以改善催化剂的氧化还原性能.XRD结果表明,Fe2O3在CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3载体上呈现出良好的分散状况,老化前后催化剂的晶相结构基本无明显变化.特别是当载体中m(Ce0.67Zr0.33O2)∶m(Al2O3)的值为1∶2时,Fe2O3/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷催化燃烧中显示出最佳的催化性能和抗高温老化性能.     

添加剂对超重力下燃烧合成Al_2O_3/ZrO_2(4Y)的影响

基于超重力下燃烧合成Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y),通过调整SiO2引入量,研究添加剂对材料显微结构、形态与性能的影响。结果表明:添加SiO2不改变复合陶瓷相组成,但随SiO2引入量增加,陶瓷共晶团发生胞状向棒状形态的转变,且其长径比增大、体积分数下降。陶瓷致密性随SiO2引入量增加而增大,陶瓷硬度与弯曲强度则在SiO2引入量为6%时均呈现最大值,而陶瓷断裂韧性在SiO2引入量为4%时,因裂纹偏转与桥接增韧效应显著而获得最高值。     

不同晶体结构Gd2(MoO4)3:Eu3+荧光粉的合成及其发光性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶-燃烧法,柠檬酸为络合剂合成出系列Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和荧光光谱对样品的结构、形貌和发光性能进行了研究.XRD分析表明:稀土离子与柠檬酸为1:0.5时,800℃热处理获得单斜结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉.单斜结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉到正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的转换可以通过改变稀土离子与柠檬酸摩尔比和热处理温度等合成条件实现.Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的形貌受合成条件的影响.荧光光谱研究表明:Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的主发射峰位于616 nm处来自于Eu³⁺的⁵D₀→⁷F₂电偶极跃迁.正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉发射强度明显高于单斜结构的荧光粉.计算⁵D₀→⁷F₂与⁵D₀→⁷F₁跃迁发射的相对强度比值表明:正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺中Eu³⁺局域环境的对称性较高。     

燃烧法制备掺杂Y改性LaMgB5O10粉体及表征

以水合硝酸镧(La(NO3)3·nH2O)、六水硝酸镁(Mg(NO3)2·6H2O)为氧化剂,甘氨酸(C2H5NO2)为还原剂,掺杂氧化钇(Y2O3)粉体,通过燃烧法合成掺杂Y改性的硼酸镁镧(LaMgB5O10)粉体.研究了Y的掺杂量、焙烧温度和时间等工艺参数对合成Y改性LaMgB5O10的影响.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、荧光光谱(PL)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等手段对产物进行表征.结果表明,当Y的掺杂量为5;,焙烧温度900 ℃,焙烧时间5 h时,Y改性LaMgB5O10效果最佳.Y改性LaMgB5O10在212~317 nm处出现了很强的紫外吸收峰;在280~355 nm和368~435 nm处有很强的发射宽峰.     

溶液燃烧法制备纳米硼酸铝及其表征

以九水硝酸铝、硼酸、甘氨酸、尿素为原料,通过溶液燃烧法制备了纳米硼酸铝.分别采用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试手段,对产物前驱体及最终产物作表征,探讨了燃烧剂种类、煅烧温度、煅烧时间、原料配比等工艺参数对产物物相、形态、粒度等的影响.结果表明,以甘氨酸为燃烧剂,n(硝酸铝)∶n(甘氨酸)=3∶5,煅烧温度为1200℃,煅烧时间为4h时,可合成结晶度较好、规则的纳米硼酸铝(Al18B4O33)颗粒,其平均粒径在80 nm左右.     

KClO_4/Zr在石英管内的燃烧发射光谱与燃烧产物分析

为了研究燃烧条件对KClO_4/Zr烟火剂燃烧过程中光辐射性能的影响,考察了KClO_4/Zr在开放环境和不同规格封闭石英管内的燃烧发射光谱和燃烧产物。借助光纤光谱仪、光电二极管和示波器测试了烟火剂燃烧过程中的光辐射能量分布和闪光时间-强度曲线,分析了所得发射光谱在(590±10),(750±10)和(808±10)nm三个主吸收波段内的光谱效率,借助SEM表征了不同燃烧条件下KClO_4/Zr燃烧产物的形貌。结果表明:在开放条件下燃烧时,KClO_4/Zr的燃烧发射光谱在可见光到近红外的宽波段内,最强辐射出现在730~820nm波段。在石英管内封闭燃烧时,随着石英管体积的减少,在石英管外检测到的燃烧发射光谱强度逐渐减弱,光谱能量分布也呈现不同的变化规律,而且对火焰发射光谱分布进行处理后,随着石英管体积的变化,得到(590±10),(750±10)和(808±10)nm波段的光谱效率也呈现不同的变化规律。但是,随着石英管体积的减少,KClO_4/Zr烟火剂的爆燃闪光辐射时间逐渐缩短,峰值辐射强度逐渐提高。增加石英管的直径,有利于在管外获得更高的有效光辐射能量,减少石英管的直径,则有利于提高烟火剂的峰值辐射强度。随着管直径的增大,KClO_4燃烧更加充分,产物粒径较小,呈规则的球状。而管长度的改变对反应并无太大影响。     

Effect of CeO2 preparation method and Cu loading on CuO/CeO2 catalysts for methane combustion

CeO2 was synthesized by sol-gel, hydrothermal, nitrate thermal decomposition methods, respectively, and used as support to prepare CuO/CeO2 catalysts. According to characterization and reaction results, preparation method of CeO2 had a great influence on the physicochemical properties and activities of CuO/CeO2 catalysts. CuO with high dispersion and strong interaction with CeO2 was highly active in methane combustion, while CuO particles less associated with CeO2 showed less activity. The CuO catalyst supported on CeO2 which was prepared via nitrate thermal decomposition method showed the largest area, the smallest particle size, the highest dispersion of copper species and strong support metal interactions. Therefore, it presented the highest redox ability and activity for methane combustion. Activities of the catalysts with different copper content kept increasing until 5% Cu loading and from then on kept constant. Moreover, methane conversion decreased as methane space velocities increased on CuO/CeO2 catalyst. Addition of CO2 to the feed did not produce a significant effect on the catalytic activity, but the presence of H2O provoked a remarkable decrease on the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst.     

大气中固体燃烧等离子体与微波相互作用的实验研究

 设计制造了含特定组分的化学药剂，利用热力学方法对其在大气中燃烧所产生的等离子体的电子密度进行了理论计算，对该等离子体对2~15 GHz波段微波的透射衰减和反射进行了测试。测试结果表明，该等离子体对该波段微波具有宽波段强吸收和弱反射性能，波段内的平均吸收大于25 dB，反射信号几乎淹没在背景噪声中。并从理论上分析了带电子与中性粒子的造成这一现象的主要原因是碰撞吸收。     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane over CO1-xMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl Monolithic Catalysts

A series of CoxMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl catalysts （x=0-1） were prepared. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, and TPR analyses. The catalytic activity of the catalysts for methane combustion was evaluated in a continuous flow microreactor. The results indicated that the active washcoats adhered well on the FeCrAl foils. The phases in the catalysts were Co--xMgxO solid solutions, α-Al2O3, and γ-Al2O3. The surface particle size of the catalysts varied with variations in the molar ratios of Co to Mg. The Co component of the Co1_xMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl catalysts played an important role in the catalytic activity for methane combustion. In the Co1-xMgxO/AluO3/FeCrAl series catalyst （x=0.2-0.8）, the catalytic activity in terms of x was in the order of 0.5〉0.2〉0.8 under the experimental conditions. The presence of Mg in these catalysts could promote the thermal stability to a large extent. There were strong interactions between the Co1-xMgxO oxides and the AluO3/FeCrAl supports.