Korteweg-De Vries-Burgers方程的级数解

本文给出了KdV-Burgers方程行波解的如下边值问题: d²u/(dz²)-Am(du)/(dz)+u²-u=0, u(-∞)=1,u(+∞)=0的级数解.求解的方法是把整个解分解成三个区域的级数解,然后利用对接条件(函数和导数连续)构成一个整体级数解.与精确解的比较表明,精度可达到任意位小数.对方程中的参数A_m的任意值均可给出相应的级数解.特别对A_m<2的情况,第一次给出了振荡型激波的级数解.     

弱激波冲击无膜重气柱和气帘界面的实验研究

研制了一个改进的激波管设备,对马赫数为1.2的弱激波冲击作用下空气中SF6气柱和气帘界面的演变过程进行了初步的实验研究。通过设计激波管实验段、烟雾发生器、气体箱、进气吸气系统和激波管尾段,控制混合气体中SF6的峰值浓度和初始气流速度,建立了稳定、可重复的无膜气柱和气帘初始界面形成技术。利用高速摄影技术,在水平面内观测了气柱和气帘的初始界面图像,沿垂直方向观测了界面RM(Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定性的演变过程。气柱演变图像显示了典型的对涡结构,气帘演变图像显示了早期的多蘑菇形结构和后期的相邻波长干扰效应。图像后处理表明,气柱的高度和宽度、气帘的宽度均随时间单调增加,且宽度比高度增加快得多。从二维涡量动力学方程出发,对图像中涡的演变过程进行了初步解释。     

光镊系统的组建及光阱效应的观察

光镊是美国科学家Arthur Ashkin于1986年发明的,现被用来操控微小粒子和作为微小力的传感器.随着光镊技术的不断发展,光镊在生物大分子的操控和生物大分子生命过程中动力学研究方面发挥着巨大作用.本文介绍了光镊的工作原理,以及如何利用实验室现有条件,以较低成本搭建了一个简化的光镊系统,并观察了光镊对几种微小粒子的捕捉情况,证实了光阱有一定的作用范围,且其捕获能力随微粒尺寸增大而减小.     

一类二维单个守恒律方程的Riemann问题

本文研究一类二维单个守恒律方程的Riemann问题.用广义特征分析方法研究了这类方程,给出了基本波的分类,解决了初值为两片常数的二维Riemann问题,给出了Riemann解.     

捕捉小行星

<正>小行星,这个被冠以恐龙灭绝的"杀手",地球的"毁灭者",目前正被科学家们作为资源,而准备将其"捕获"。目前美国宇航局正着手实施小行星的"捕获"项目,计划发射一无人航天器,靠近目标小行星,向其释放一张大网,将其     

煤油裂解产物/空气与煤油/空气在宽温度范围内点火延迟的对比研究

Kerosene is an ideal endothermic hydrocarbon. Its pyrolysis plays a significant role in the thermal protection for high-speed aircraft. Before it reacts, kerosene experiences thermal decomposition in the heat exchanger and produces cracked products. Thus, to use cracked kerosene instead of pure kerosene, knowledge of their ignition properties is needed. In this study, ignition delay times of cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air were measured in a heated shock tube at temperatures of 657–1333 K, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and pressures of 1.01 × 10⁵–10.10 × 10⁵ Pa. Ignition delay time was defined as the time interval between the arrival of the reflected shock and the occurrence of the steepest rise of excited-state CH species (CH*) emission at the sidewall measurement location. Pure helium was used as the driver gas for high-temperature measurements in which test times needed to be shorter than 1.5 ms, and tailored mixtures of He/Ar were used when test times could reach up to 15 ms. Arrhenius-type formulas for the relationship between ignition delay time and ignition conditions (temperature and pressure) were obtained by correlating the measured high-temperature data of both fuels. The results reveal that the ignition delay times of both fuels are close, and an increase in the pressure or temperature causes a decrease in the ignition delay time in the high-temperature region (> 1000 K). Both fuels exhibit similar high-temperature ignition delay properties, because they have close pressure exponents (cracked kerosene: τ_ign∝P^-0.85; kerosene:τ_ign∝P^-0.83) and global activation energies (cracked kerosene: E_a = 143.37 kJ·mol^-1; kerosene: E_a = 144.29 kJ·mol^-1). However, in the low-temperature region (< 1000 K), ignition delay characteristics are quite different. For cracked kerosene/air, while the decrease in the temperature still results in an increase in the ignition delay time, the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of ignition delay does not occur, and the low-temperature ignition data still can be correlated by an Arrhenius-type formula with a much smaller global activation energy compared to that at high temperatures. However, for kerosene/air, this NTC phenomenon was observed, and the Arrhenius-type formula fails to correlate its low-temperature ignition data. At temperatures ranging from 830 to 1000 K, the cracked kerosene ignites faster than the kerosene; at temperatures below 830 K, kerosene ignition delay times become much shorter than those of cracked kerosene. Surrogates for cracked kerosene and kerosene are proposed based on the H/C ratio and average molecular weight in order to simulate ignition delay times for cracked kerosene/air and kerosene/air. The simulation results are in fairly good agreement with current experimental data for the two fuels at high temperatures (> 1000 K). However, in the low-temperature NTC region, the results are in very good agreement with kerosene ignition delay data but disagree with cracked kerosene ignition delay data. The comparison between experimental data and model predictions indicates that refinement of the reaction mechanisms for cracked kerosene and kerosene is needed. These test results are helpful to understand ignition properties of cracked kerosene in developing regenerative cooling technology for high-speed aircraft.     

跨音速轴流风扇转子叶顶泄漏流的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了不同间隙,不同流量工况下叶顶泄漏流非定常流动特征,发现在研究的三个间隙中,只有当间隙大于或等于设计间隙时,流动才会出现非定常性.随着流量的减小,泄漏涡轨迹前移,当泄漏涡轨迹到达相邻叶片压力面时,影响压力面压力分布,打破流场静态平衡,引起叶顶流场及激波位置、强度发生非定常波动.     

氦气回收纯化系统的设计与应用

为实现激波风洞试验尾气氦气(氦含量>80%)的回收和循环利用，研制了一套氦气回收与纯化系统。该系统采用三塔真空变压吸附的技术将试验尾气中的氮气等杂质气体去除，得到纯度大于98%的氦气。系统采用开式纯化和闭式纯化相结合的工艺方式，将氦气的回收率提高到97%。系统调试结果表明，研制的氦气回收纯化系统在常温条件下实现了风洞试验尾气的回收、纯化和循环使用，有效地降低了风洞运行和维护成本，同时也节约了氦气资源。     

自相似Euler方程的数值方法

Euler方程某些问题的解具有自相似特点，可以使用更准确的方法求解.提出了两种数值方法，分别称为自相似和准自相似方法，新方法可以使用现有守恒律方程的数值格式，无须设计特殊方法.对一维激波管问题、二维Riemann问题、激波反射以及激波折射问题进行了数值计算.对自相似Euler方程，一维计算结果显示数值解基本等同于精确解，二维结果也比现有文献计算的结果有更高的分辨率.对准自相似Euler方程，新方法可以求解不具有自相似性但接近自相似的问题，并在计算时间足够长时可以取得自相似Euler方程的效果.数值求解自相似Euler方程对自相似问题的研究，高分辨率、高精度格式的设计乃至Euler方程的精确解都有重要启示.      

亚/超临界乙醇中羟基和氢自由基作用下的纤维素液化行为

以水杨酸为羟基自由基(HO·)捕捉剂、四氯化碳为氢自由基(H·)捕捉剂,采用间歇高压反应釜对玉米秸秆纤维素在亚/超临界乙醇中的液化行为进行了研究,通过考察自由基捕捉剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对纤维素液化行为的影响,研究亚/超临界乙醇产生的HO·和H·自由基对纤维素的液化作用。结果表明,随着水杨酸用量增加(0-4mL),HO·浓度升高,生物油收率由29.3%提高至47.9%,固体残渣收率从26.7%降低至24.3%;反应温度从250℃升高至320℃,HO·活性随之增强,生物油收率由35.9%升高至58.2%,固体残渣收率由51.8%降低至20.4%;随着四氯化碳用量由0增加为2mL时,H·浓度降低,生物油收率由24.7%降低至20.7%,固体残渣收率由54.1%增加至59.1%;反应时间从0到30min,液化作用不断增强,生物油收率从8.7%升高至28.5%,固体残渣收率由86.3%下降至60.9%;30min之后,四氯化碳对H·活性的抑制加强,导致液化作用减弱,生物油收率有所下降。实验结果表明,乙醇在亚/超临界状态下能够产生HO·和H·,且HO·和H·浓度和活性与反应条件相关,对纤维素液化产物的收率及其分布具有明显的影响。