Comparison of the standard Euler-Euler and hybrid Euler-Lagrange approaches for modeling particle transport in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed

Particle transport phenomena in small-scale circulating fiuidized beds （CFB） can be simulated using the Euler-Euler, discrete element method, and Euler-Lagrange approaches. In this work, a hybrid Euler-Lagrange model known as the dense discrete phase model （DDPM）, which has common roots with the multiphase particle-in-cell model, was applied in simulating particle transport within a mid-sized experimental CFB facility. Implementation of the DDPM into the commercial ANSYS Fluent CFD package is relatively young in comparison with the granular Eulerian model. For that reason, validation of the DDPM approach against experimental data is still required and is addressed in this paper. Additional difficulties encountered in modeling fluidization processes are connected with long calculation times. To reduce times, the complete boiler models are simplified to include just the combustion chamber. Such simplifications introduce errors in the predicted solid distribution in the boiler. To investigate the conse- quences of model reduction, simulations were made using the simplified and complete pilot geometries and compared with experimental data. All simulations were performed using the ANSYSFLUENT 14.0 package. A set of user defined functions were used in the hybrid DDPM and Euler-Euler approaches to recirculate solid particles.     

群体布局下建筑风驱雨量分布的数值分析研究

基于欧拉-欧拉多相流模型,以雨滴谱及雨滴降落末速度确定雨滴体积分数并构成雨相组分边界;采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型封闭求解N-S方程的新型WDR数值方法,模拟研究了单体多层、高层建筑及群体布局建筑的迎风面雨量分布特性。分析结果表明:单体建筑WDR抓取率分布呈由下至上、由中间向两侧增加的规律,整体WDR抓取率随风速和雨强的增大而呈增大趋势;群体布局时,前排建筑迎风面WDR抓取率分布仍类似于单体,随间距减小而减小;后排建筑在迎风面顶端两侧仍出现较大抓取率,其值随前后间距(顺风向)减小而大致减小,随左右间距(横风向)减小而大致增大;后排建筑迎风面与前排建筑等高的两侧区域,WDR抓取率出现突增,其值随前后间距减小而增大,随左右间距减小而先增大后减小;交错布局时,后排建筑迎风面顶端拐角区域的WDR抓取率较单体增加显著。模拟分析获得的建筑迎风面雨量分布规律及布局干扰特性可为相关领域的研究与设计提供指导。     

Euler solution using adaptive Cartesian grid with a gridless boundary treatment

A quadtree-based adaptive Cartesian grid generator and flow solver were developed. The grid adaptation based on pressure or density gradient was performed and a gridless method based on the least-square fashion was used to treat the wall surface boundary condition, which is generally difficult to be handled for the common Cartesian grid. First, to validate the technique of grid adaptation, the benchmarks over a forward-facing step and double Mach reflection were computed. Second, the flows over the NACA 0012 airfoil and a two-element airfoil were calculated to validate the developed gridless method. The computational results indi- cate the developed method is reasonable for complex flows.     

弹性梁式薄板在横向绕流中的大变形

采用相容拉格朗日-欧拉(ULE)法,给出了弹性薄板理想流体横向绕流条件下变形与应力的理论算法,其中:对固体采用拉格朗日法;对流体采用欧拉法;对相互接触面采用拉格朗日法和欧拉法.建立了不问断横向绕流条件下弹性梁式薄板的大弯曲变形的非线性微分方程.求解该方程时,将纵向位移分量和曲率的改变量用挠度表示.通过具体算例分析了各参数对悬臂梁式薄板挠度、纵向位移及应力大小的影响.理论解与数值解进行比较,验证了理论解的可靠性.     

无单元法求解欧拉梁及梁系的自由振动问题

双变量无单元法以广义移动最小二乘法为理论基础,同时考虑挠度和转角双变量.采用双变量无单元法建立了欧拉粱的质量矩阵和刚度矩阵,并进行自由振动的计算.不同边界条件欧拉梁动力特性的算例表明:双变量无单元法比与只考虑挠度的单变量无单元法具有更高的插值精度,并能在高阶振型计算中获得明显优于有限元的计算精度.通过试算法对影响半径中的scale乘子进行了讨论,认为在动力计算中Scale取3.5较合理.最后在欧拉粱的基础上,将无单元法应用于梁系模型的自由振动计算,显示了该法在复杂模型中的精确性.     

缓解企业创新融资约束的途径：市场还是政府?

本文基于金融市场和政府公共政策影响企业创新活动资金来源的理论机制,对欧拉方程加以拓展构建研发投资的融资约束模型,以2010—2019年制造业上市公司为样本,就企业技术创新的融资约束问题及其缓解途径进行了实证检验。结果表明：制造业上市公司的创新活动普遍存在着融资约束,市场途径中的股权融资方式能够缓解资金不足问题,银行贷款和债券融资没有发挥相应的作用,政府途径中的直接财政补贴并没有解决资金短缺困境,采用事后返还方式的税收优惠则效果十分显著;从不同所有制来看,国有企业有着较为充足的融资途径,而民营企业仍然面临着较为严重的金融歧视,只有税收优惠能够起到激励效果;地区分组表明,市场化先进地区的企业融资渠道更为丰富,滞后地区的企业难以通过市场途径获得研发投资所需资金,公共政策也没有起到“雪中送炭”的功能;不同技术密集度行业的实证结果显示,高技术企业得到了金融市场和政府层面的共同支持,低技术企业的研发投资面临着严重的融资困境。     

Simple waves for two-dimensional compressible pseudo-steady Euler system

A simple wave is defined as a flow in a region whose image is a curve in the phase space. It is well known that ＂the theory of simple waves is fundamental in building up the solutions of flow problems out of elementary flow patterns＂ see Courant and Friedrichs＇s chassical book ＂Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves＂. This paper mainly concerned with the geometric construction of simple waves for the 2D pseudo-steady compressible Euler system. Based on the geometric interpretation, the expansion or compression simple wave flow construction around a pseudo-stream line with a bend part are constructed. It is a building block that appears in the global solution to four contact discontinuities Riemann problems.     

从一个怪例看细长梁理论的基本假定

分别采用欧拉和铁木辛柯梁理论分析了均匀分布力偶作用下的两端固支等截面匀质细长 梁, 并通过ABAQUS有限元分析了一个实例, 验证了铁木辛柯梁理论分析的结果. 对比证明在 这种载荷及边界条件下即使细长梁, 也必须考虑剪切效应的影响.     

拉格朗日-欧拉方法模拟高分子复杂流体平面绕流

为验证拉格朗日 欧拉方法的准确性 ,对高分子溶液的 2∶1绕圆柱流动问题进行了数值模拟 ,采用单松弛时间的PhanThien Tanner本构方程 ,得到PIB/C14溶液在De =0 93的绕流计算结果 ,同Baaijens等所做的绕流实验中的稳态流场物理量的测量结果进行了比较 ,在定量上取得较好的一致性 .证明拉格朗日 欧拉方法能够在定性上乃至在定量上准确地预报高分子复杂流体的流动行为 ,在描述真实的物理过程时是合理、准确的     

时间空间均为二阶的新型NND差分格式

张涵信的研究表明,为了避免激波前后差分解的波动,在差分格式的改型方程中三阶导数的系数在激波上游必须是正的,而在激波下游则必须是负的.据此提出了一种新型的无波动、无自由参数耗散性的差分格式,它对时间和空间都是二阶的.证明了此格式是TVD的,而且是推广的二阶Годунов格式.在处理有激波的流场时,此格式是Lax-Wendroff格式的改进和推广.给出了若干算例,计算结果表明,此格式不仅无波动,而且具有形式紧凑、应用方便、分辨率高、稳定性准则中的Courant数较大的优点.