g-C3N4和Ni2P的复合及其光催化产氢性能研究

采用一步煅烧法使类石墨烯碳氮化合物(g-C_3N_4)和磷化镍(Ni_2P)复合并对其光催化产氢性能进行研究.利用X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见光谱对该复合催化剂的组成、形貌等进行了表征.研究了不同含量的Ni_2P以及不同牺牲剂对g-C_3N_4/Ni_2P光催化性能的影响.与单独的g-C_3N_4相比,该复合催化剂的光催化产氢速率提高了13倍,可以达到165μmol g~(-1)·h~(-1).利用光电化学和光致发光光谱等技术对该复合光催化剂的光催化产氢机理进行研究,结果表明Ni_2P在高效分离光生载流子方面起了关键作用,并且g-C_3N_4和Ni_2P的复合产生了协同效应加速了电子-空穴对的分离,提高了光催化产氢性能.     

Fe掺杂NiSe@NiS复合材料电子调制和界面协同促进析氧性能研究

本研究采用溶剂热法,在泡沫镍(NF)基底上原位合成出Fe掺杂的硒化镍和硫化镍复合材料(Fe-NiSe@NiS/NF)。得益于Fe掺杂优化的电子结构、NiSe和NiS间的协同效应以及高效的电荷转移速率,Fe-NiSe@NiS/NF在1 mol/L KOH溶液中表现出优异的OER性能。在过电位为330 mV时可实现电流密度150 mA/cm²,且电压在稳定40 h后没有发生显著改变。     

P修饰提高Fe-N-C的氧反应活性用于高稳定的锌-空气电池（英文）

生物质碳基材料具有可调的微观结构、丰富的表面活性中心、优良的导电和导热性能以及较大的比表面积,已经成为新能源领域的重要基础材料.然而,应用于锌-空气电池中时,碳基材料高电位下的碳腐蚀问题严重影响了电池的稳定性,因此,开发具有低过电位的析氧反应(OER)催化剂来降低充电电压是解决该问题的关键.本课题组采用一种低温磷化策略制备了具有低OER过电位的P修饰的Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N和生物质碳复合催化剂(P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC),其具有较好的双功能氧反应活性,氧还原反应(ORR)的半波电位为0.86 V,仅需要280 m V的OER过电位就可以达到10 m Acm^-2的电流密度.以P-Fe₃O₄/Fe₂N@NPC作为正极组装的锌-空气电池表现出低的充放电电压差和长期稳定性,在目前报道的碳基催化剂应用于锌-空气电池中具有很大优势.此外,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光...     

活性导向的化学探针在氨基酸反应活性表征中的应用进展

原创药物的研制得益于蛋白质新靶标的发现,而新靶标的发现依赖于高可信度、高通量的药物-蛋白质相互作用分析方法。蛋白质作为生命功能的执行者,其表达量、空间定位与结构差异直接影响药效的发挥。目前,超过85%的蛋白质尚被认为是无法成药的,主要原因是缺少药物分子靶向的空腔以及相应的反应活性位点。因此,基于蛋白质组学层次实现对氨基酸反应活性位点的表征成为原创共价靶向药物设计的关键,也是克服难以成药靶标蛋白问题的关键。近年来,质谱技术的飞速发展极大地推动了基于蛋白质组学技术的药物-靶蛋白相互作用研究。其中基于活性的蛋白质组分析(ABPP)策略是利用活性位点导向的化学探针分子在复杂样品中实现功能状态酶和药物靶标等蛋白质的检测。基于化学探针的开发和质谱定量技术的发展,ABPP技术在氨基酸反应活性表征研究中展现出重要的应用潜力,将助力于药物新靶标的发现和药物先导化合物的开发。ABPP策略主要基于蛋白质的活性特征进行富集,活性探针作为ABPP策略的核心,近年来取得了飞速进展。该文回顾了ABPP策略的发展历程,重点介绍基于广谱活性探针的ABPP技术在多种氨基酸反应活性筛选领域的研究进展,并对其在药物靶点发现中...     

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

Industrialization undoubtedly boosts economic development and improves the standard of living; however, it also leads to some serious problems, including the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming. These problems are associated with or caused by the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for eliminating these problems because of the possibility of converting CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals using solar energy, hydrogen (H₂) production from water (H₂O) electrolysis, and degradation of pollutants. Among the various photocatalysts, silicon carbide (SiC) has great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis because of its good electrical properties and photoelectrochemistry. This review is divided into six sections: introduction, fundamentals of nanostructured SiC, synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, applications of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, and conclusions and prospects. The fundamentals of nanostructured SiC include its physicochemical characteristics. It possesses a range of unique physical properties, such as extreme hardness, high mechanical stability at high temperatures, a low thermal expansion coefficient, wide bandgap, and superior thermal conductivity. It also possesses exceptional chemical characteristics, such as high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC have been systematically summarized as follows: Template growth, sol-gel, organic precursor pyrolysis, solvothermal synthesis, arc discharge, carbon thermal reduction, and electrospinning. These synthesis methods require high temperatures, and the reaction mechanism involves SiC formation via the reaction between carbon and silicon oxide. In the section of the review involving the strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, seven strategies are discussed, viz., element doping, construction of Z-scheme (or S-scheme) systems, supported co-catalysts, visible photosensitization, construction of semiconductor heterojunctions, supported carbon materials, and construction of nanostructures. All of these strategies, except element doping and visible photosensitization, concentrate on enhancing the separation of holes and electrons, while suppressing their recombination, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the nanostructured SiC photocatalysts. Regarding the element doping and visible photosensitization strategies, element doping can narrow the bandgap of SiC, which generates more holes and electrons to improve photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, the principle of visible photosensitization is that photo-induced electrons move from photosensitizers to the conduction band of SiC to participate in the reaction, thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In the section on the applications of nanostructured SiC, photocatalytic H₂ production, pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic applications will be discussed. The mechanism of a photocatalytic reaction requires the SiC photocatalyst to produce photo-induced electrons and holes during irradiation, which participate in the photocatalytic reaction. For example, photo-induced electrons can transform protons into H₂, as well as CO₂ into methane, methanol, or formic acid. Furthermore, photo-induced holes can convert organic waste into H₂O and CO₂. For photoelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, SiC is used as a catalyst under high temperatures and highly acidic or basic environments because of its remarkable physicochemical characteristics, including low thermal expansion, superior thermal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The last section of the review will reveal the major obstacles impeding the industrial application of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, such as insufficient visible absorption, slow reaction kinetics, and hard fabrication, as well as provide some ideas on how to overcome these obstacles.      

泡沫镍铁合金自支撑NiFeOOH纳米片的制备及析氧性能研究

电催化析氧反应(OER)是电解水制氢的重要半电池反应。然而,OER的缓慢动力学仍需研究高效的电催化剂。在非贵金属催化剂中,NiFe基材料是OER催化剂研究热点。本文通过食人鱼溶液简单一步浸渍刻蚀法将不同Fe含量的泡沫NiFe合金进行氧化,制备了表面具有纳米片形貌的NiFeOOH自支撑电催化剂,并深入研究其电催化析氧性能。通过SEM、XRD、XPS等对电催化剂的形貌结构及成分进行表征,证实了三维多孔基底上NiFeOOH纳米片结构的形成。由于高价镍、铁物种的存在以及二维纳米片结构的生成,NiFeOOH/NF的析氧性能大幅度提高,在10 mA?cm-2的电流密度下过电位仅155.68 mV,Tafel斜率为 88.2 mV?dec-1。这为研制高效、耐用的自支撑非贵金属电极提供了新思路。     

硼、磷共掺杂铁钴双金属材料的制备及其电催化析氧性能

采用一步水热法合成了硼、磷共掺杂铁钴材料(Fe-Co-B-P)。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等技术对所合成材料的形貌、结构和组成进行表征。利用线性扫描伏安(LSV)、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等技术研究材料电化学析氧反应(OER)性能。结果表明,Fe-Co-B-P表面疏松且粗糙,颗粒间有许多空隙。在电流密度为10和100 mA·cm^-2时,其过电势分别为278和309 mV,Tafel斜率为24 mV·dec^-1,说明该材料具有较优的电催化析氧性能。其在连续进行10 h的计时电位测试过程中,电势基本保持在1.55 V(vs RHE),表明该催化剂具有较好的电化学稳定性。这是由于铁钴双金属与硼、磷非金属之间的协同作用促进了电子的传递。     

析相微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定地质样品中痕量金

以MIBK为络合剂和提取剂,乙醇为助溶剂,建立了析相微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法测定地质样品中痕量金的分析方法。详细探讨了金的不同析相微萃取体系的特性及析相规律,优化了金-MIBK体系的最佳析相微萃取条件及石墨炉升温程序。所建立的方法线性范围为0.006~1.0μg/L,检出限为0.0013μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.5%(n=11),用于国家地质标准参考物质(GBW07289)的测定,分析结果与推荐值吻合。     

薄层层析法在表面活性剂检测和分析中的应用

薄层层析（ＴＬＣ）是一种简便的分离分析方法。适用于许多有机化合物的分离,精制,定性和定量分析,也是表面活性剂分析中的重要手段之一。文中简述了薄层层析的测试方法、条件选择和发展趋势,并对ＴＬＣ在表面活性剂检测和分析中的应用作了具体阐述。     

壁湍流相干结构的教学实验(五)──用子波分析辨识壁湍流相干结构

将子波分析作为一种新的工具来辨识壁湍流中的相干结构．用子波分析的方法对用热膜测速仅得到的壁湍流流向脉动速度信号在时域空间和频城空间同时进行分解,根据子波系教研究壁湍流脉动动能随尺度的分布,提出确定壁湍流的时间尺度参数的能量最大准则,提取壁湍流相干结构的速度信号波形．