红色荧光碳量子点用于肿瘤微酸环境诊断

Cancer remains a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis at an early stage can significantly improve the survival of cancer patients. Cancers of different origins often have vastly different genotypes and phenotypes. Therefore, it is challenging to establish a universal strategy for cancer detection. Universal cancer detection can be potentially achieved by using pH-responsive probes. An acidic microenvironment is mainly caused by lactic acid accumulation in rapidly growing tumor cells. Based on the difference in pH between tumor and normal tissues, fluorescent materials that respond to a pH of around 6.8 are ideal for tumor detection. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted much attention in bioimaging owing to their outstanding characteristics such as stable photoluminescence, low cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and resistance to photobleaching. In this study, red fluorescent CQDs (R-CQDs) were synthesized by the solvothermal treatment of 4-(dimethylamino) phenol in the presence of potassium periodate. The UV-Vis spectrum of the R-CQDs showed a characteristic absorption peak at 545 nm. The photoluminescence spectrum revealed an emission peak at 640 nm. The brightness of this photoluminescence peak was quantified to be 12.8% in terms of the absolute quantum yield (QY). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the R-CQDs have uniform sizes with an average diameter of 4 nm and a lattice spacing of 0.21 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that the R-CQDs have a large number of carboxyl groups. The Raman spectrum of the R-CQDs showed the characteristic D band at 1340 cm^-1 and G band at 1585 cm^-1. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern showed a broad (002) peak centered at around 23°. The R-CQDs were responsive to highly acidic or alkaline conditions. The incorporation of a block copolymer (MeO-PEG-PDPA), prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), on the R-CQDs produced pH-responsive fluorescent CQDs (pRF-R-CQDs). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that the pRF-R-CQDs were responsive at pH 6.8. At pH > 6.8, the fluorescence of the pRF-R-CQDs would be quenched because of deprotonation of the amine groups. In contrast, protonation of the amine groups would lead to a dramatic increase in fluorescence emission. TEM images showed that the pRF-R-CQDs self-assemble and disassemble at pH 6.8 because of their pH-responsive properties. Compared with most existing fluorescent materials, the pRF-R-CQDs can effectively resist photobleaching and autofluorescence. Moreover, these pRF-R-CQDs have minimal toxicity and can distinguish tumors from normal tissues. Therefore, pRF-R-CQDs have great potential for use as a universal material in tumor microenvironment diagnosis.     

陕西三原双槐树地裂缝的发育特征

陕西三原双槐树地裂缝由两条近平行的地裂缝组成,延伸长度大于4km,地裂缝活动给沿线居民带来了巨大的灾害和经济损失。通过调查访问和探槽、探井、平硐等勘探工程,从平面展布特征、剖面结构特征、活动特征和力学性质等方面描述了该地裂缝的发育特征。结果显示:南侧的F1地裂缝的破碎带宽度和活动程度均大于北侧的F2地裂缝,其中的F1地裂缝破碎带宽度一般大于10m,最大可达50余米,不同期次和不同级次的裂缝数量可达30余条,如此规模的裂缝破碎带宽度和裂缝数量在黄土地区并不多见。     

平寨坝址左岸岩溶发育规律及其对建坝条件的影响

地层岩性、水文地质、地质构造对平寨坝址的工程地质条件起着主要作用。从岩溶形态入手 ,对平寨坝址左岸岩溶的分布规律进行了研究 ,指出主要岩溶形态如洼地、漏斗、落水洞等在平面上呈带状分布 ;溶洞在垂向上具成层性、空间展布上具方向性以及平面分布具差异性等分布规律。对影响岩溶发育的因素进行了探讨的结果表明 :(1)灰岩的纯度越高、岩层越单一、层理的厚度越大 ,岩溶越发育 ;(2 )褶皱控制岩溶系统整体发育的方向、控制溶洞发育部位、规模及形态 ;(3)裂隙的发育程度和延伸方向决定岩溶发育的程度和发展方向。在岩溶发育规律的基础上对坝址左岸岩溶进行了如下预测 :(1)坝址左岸表层岩溶发育较强 ,岩体内部发育较弱 ;(2 )在坝轴线附近隐伏大规模溶洞的可能性较小 ;(3)平寨坝址河床深岩溶不发育。最后探讨了岩溶发育对建坝可能产生的渗漏与稳定性降低等问题     

陇西盆地段黄河发育时代问题的新认识

根据陇西盆地的两个次级盆地阶地即兰州盆地最高级黄河阶地和陇西盆地黄河一级支流大夏河最高级阶地的磁性地层学研究表明,二者的形成时代大致相同,约为１．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ．左右,也即此时黄河才开始在这两个盆地中出现．这一结果修订了黄河在陇西盆地中出现的最早时间．完整的黄河阶地系列实际上是第四纪期间青藏高原阶段性隆升的忠实记录．     

重金属Pb、Cu联合攻毒对泥鳅卵细胞发育胁迫的显微观察

采用静水生物测试手段,试验了Pb、Cu不同质量浓度(0.00、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00mg.L-1)及不同时间(10、20、30 d)对泥鳅卵细胞发育的胁迫。显微观察结果显示,在重金属染毒10、20、30 d后,泥鳅卵细胞胞质外渗、萎缩、干瘪,高质量浓度组卵细胞受损尤为明显。泥鳅卵细胞对不同质量浓度处理组重金属均表现出时间-剂量效应。在各质量浓度处理组中,随着染毒时间的延续,泥鳅卵巢及卵细胞均出现功能丧失和生物学死亡的现象。     

黄、东海早期成岩过程中黄铁矿的形成史

本文对黄、东海陆架泥质沉积区中的5个岩芯进行了固相沉积物和液相孔隙水中不同形态的硫含量的测定、硫同位素组成的测定,通过分析它们之间的关系,并结合有机质和黄铁矿晶体形态等特征,阐述了在早期成岩作用阶段现代海洋沉积物中硫的成岩变化规律,进而探讨自生黄铁矿的成因。     

美英早期三角学教科书中的正切定理

本文对美英早期103种三角学教科书进行考察,探寻正切定理的多种代数和几何证法,并对其演变过程进行分析、归纳和总结,为教学提供参考和启示.     

儿童发育性髋关节脱位的磁共振形态学定量

发育性髋关节脱位（developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH）作为一类常见的、严重威胁儿童健康成长的髋关节疾病会严重影响到儿童的肢体发育和生活质量,其早诊断、早治疗非常重要.磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）技术可提供丰富的有关髋关节发育情况的形态学信息.目前,基于磁共振图像的DDH临床诊断主要凭借医生的肉眼观测,对医生要求甚高,而且无法定量判断DDH病情.本文提出了一种针对儿童DDH磁共振图像的形态学定量评估方法,通过对DDH病理改变密切相关的形态学参数的自动测定,完成形态学参数的定量评估,为临床提供辅助的量化参考.该方法包括磁共振图像预处理、股骨及盆骨分割、髋关节三维模型重建,以及结合了厚度搜索、三维霍夫变换和最小二乘拟合等算法实现的中心边缘角（center-edge angle,CEA）、髋臼角（acetabular index,AI）和股骨颈前倾角（femoral neck anteversion,FNA）等重要指标的自动测量.儿童DDH形态学定量评估方法的建立对儿童DDH的筛查、诊断和确诊患儿手术方案的制定,以及术后的动态随访,都具有重要参考价值.     

早期功能锻炼对乳腺癌患者术后康复影响的研究

为探讨早期功能锻炼对乳腺癌患者术后肢体功能的影响,对120例行早期功能锻炼的乳腺癌患者术后患者及66例未行早期功能锻炼的乳腺癌术后患者的临床资料进行了回顾性对照分析。结果表明,早期功能锻炼组患者上肢功能障碍的发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。提示乳腺癌患者术后进行早期功能锻炼,可明显降低上肢功能障碍的发生率,明显改善患者的生活质量。     

微量元素与聪明

一、聪明的儿童为什么聪明？ 智力离不开大脑,大脑的发育决定着一个人的智商。构成大脑的基本物质是大脑造体元素。大脑造体元素又分为宏量元素和微量元素。孩子大脑内的宏量元素及微量元素的平衡情况是孩子智商高低的先决。